THE ARMS TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL LAWPDF电子书下载

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PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION:FEATURES,DEFINITION AND MANUFACTURING OF SALW 3

1 Introduction 3

2 Features and Definition of SALW:Associated Problems 13

2.1 FEATURES 13

2.1.1 Lethal Character 13

2.1.2 Accessibility 15

2.1.3 Suitability for Use 16

2.1.4 Durability 17

2.1.5 Versatility 18

2.1.6 SALW Comprises a Vast Range of Weapons 19

2.2 DEFINITION 20

2.2.1 Why is Definition Essential? 20

2.2.2 General Definition-SALW 21

2.2.2.1 Global Efforts 21

2.2.2.2 Regional Efforts 29

2.2.2.3 Domestic Legislation 32

2.2.2.4 Firearms Industries,NGOs and Writers 36

2.2.2.5 Conclusion on a General Definition 40

2.2.3 Ammunition and Explosives 40

2.2.4 Parts and Components 45

2.2.5 Conclusions 45

2.2.5.1 Problems 45

2.2.5.2 Perspectives 46

2.2.6 Appropriate Definition 47

3 Manufacturing of SALW:Associated Problems 49

3.1 DEFINITIONAL,FACTUAL AND MORAL ISSUES 49

3.2 CONCERNS AND LEGAL ISSUES 52

3.3 SUBSTANTIVE LIMITATIONS ON SALW MANUFACTURING 53

3.3.1 The League of Nations and the United Nations 53

3.3.2 Treaties 60

3.3.3 Regional Efforts 60

3.3.3.1 The West African Moratorium 60

3.3.3.2 The OSCE and the EU 63

3.3.3.3 Conclusion 64

3.3.4 Domestic Legal Systems on SALW Manufacturing 64

3.3.5 NGOs 71

3.3.6 Conclusions 72

3.3 IS THERE A RULE OF SUBSTANTIVE LIMITATION? 73

3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND PROBLEMS 79

PART Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF SALW:SUBSTANTIVE LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS 83

4 International Transfers of SALW:Introduction 83

4.1 USE OF TERMS,SCOPE,FACTS AND ISSUES 83

4.1.1 Use of Terms and Scope 83

4.1.2 Facts 87

4.1.3 Issues 89

4.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUBSTANTIVE LIMITATIONS 89

4.2.1 Relevant General International Law Norms 89

4.2.2 Some Controversial Considerations 97

5 Adherence to the Peace and Security Legal Norm 99

5.1 ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY 99

5.2 EXPRESS PROHIBITIONS:TREATIES AND RESOLUTIONS 104

5.3 EMERGING STATE PRACTICE:GLOBAL EFFORTS 112

5.4 REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS 120

5.5 DOMESTIC INSTRUMENTS 127

5.6 NGOS AND WRITERS 130

5.7 THE PEACE AND SECURITY NORM 134

5.8 CONCLUSIONS 141

6 Adherence to the Non-intervention Norm 145

6.1 TRANSFERS ONLY BY AND TO GOVERNMENTS OF STATE 146

6.1.1 Global Efforts 147

6.1.2 Regional and National Efforts 154

6.1.3 The ICJ and Publicists on the Question 159

6.1.4 Position of NGOs 165

6.2 EXCEPTIONAL GOVERNMENT-TO-NSA TRANSFERS 167

6.2.1 Transfers to NLMs 167

6.2.2 Transfers to Special Entities 173

6.2.2.1 The Palestine Authority and the SALW Trade 174

6.2.2.2 Taiwan and the SALW Trade 177

6.2.3 Other Cases 186

6.3 THE NON-INTERVENTION RULE 187

6.4 CONCLUSION 192

7 Humanitarian Law(IHL)Limitations on SALW Transfers 195

7.1 IHL IN GENERAL 195

7.2 THE OBLIGATION TO RESPECT AND ENSURE RESPECT FOR IHL VIS-A-VIS SALW TRANSFERS 199

7.2.1 IHL Standards for SALW Transfers 206

7.2.2 The Legal Background to the Standards 207

7.2.3 Actual or Potential Use Standard 208

7.2.3.1 Global Efforts 209

7.2.3.2 Regional and Security Organisations Efforts 211

7.2.3.3 Domestic Efforts 214

7.2.3.4 Cases,NGOs and Publicists 217

7.2.4 Excessive Availability Standard 221

7.2.5 Have Use and Availability Based Legal Rules Emerged? 226

7.2.6 The Martens Clause and SALW Transfers 233

7.3 CONCLUSIONS AND PROBLEMS 237

8 International Human Rights Law(IHRL)Limitations on SALW Transfers 239

8.1 IHRL IN GENERAL 239

8.2 THE DUTY OF STATES REGARDING THE USE OF FIREARMS 242

8.3 ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL USE OF SALW AGAINST IHRL:A STANDARD FOR RESTRICTING TRANSFERS 250

8.3.1 Global Efforts 250

8.3.2 Regional Efforts 253

8.3.3 Domestic Efforts 263

8.3.4 NGOs and Writers 266

8.3.5 The IHRL Rule of Transfers 269

8.4 CONCLUSIONS 279

PART Ⅲ CONCLUSIONS 283

9 State Responsibility and Arms Transfers:Some Reflections 283

10 Findings and Recommendations 299

Bibliography 311

Index 343

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