Common Market and American antitrustPDF电子书下载

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CHAPTER 1 The Building of the European Communities and Their Restrictive Practice Laws 1

Ⅰ. THE FORMATION OF THE “EUROPE OF THE SIX” 2

A. Europe 1945-1947 2

B. Post-War Attitudes and the Beginning of International Cooperation 3

1. RECONSTRUCTION： MARSHALL PLAN AND OEEC 3

2. THE EARLY BASES OF FUTURE INTEGRATION 6

3. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE 8

C. From International Cooperation to Supranational Institutions：The Building of the European Communities 10

1. THE CONCEPT OF SUPRANATIONALISM 10

2. FROM ECSC TO EEC 13

Ⅱ. THE COMMUNITIES IN OPERATION： ORIGINAL OBJECTIVES AND THEIR MODERN IMPLEMENTATION 15

A. Introduction： Customs Union， Common Market， Com-munity 15

B. Translating Objectives into Reality 17

1. THE TRADE PROVISIONS 17

a. In General 17

b. Agriculture 18

c. Adjustment Assistance 19

2. SECURING THE BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE： FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS， COMPANIES， AND CAPITAL 20

3. PROTECTING COMPETITION 22

C. Along with Development and Achievement-Some Reaction and Uncertainty 30

1. PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC POLICY 30

2. POLICIES TOWARD THIRD COUNTRIES 33

Ⅲ. SUPREMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW 38

A. The View of the Court of Justice 38

B. The View from the National Legal Systems 40

1. ITALY 40

2. GERMANY 41

3. OTHER EEC COUNTRIES 43

4. COMMUNITY LAW SUPREMACY IN ANTITRUST LAW 44

C. Article 177 of the EEC Treaty 46

CONCLUSION 47

CHAPTER 2 Extraterritorial Substantive Scope of the Antitrust Laws of the United States and of the Communities and Member States 50

Ⅰ. AMERICAN LAW 50

A. Applicable American Statutes 50

B. American Law Commerce Tests 54

1. COMMERCE TESTS APPLICABLE TO FOREIGN ACTIVITIES， IN GENERAL 59

2. SPECIFIC TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP TO COM-MERCE 67

a. Effect on Domestic Commerce 67

b. Interference with or Restriction of Foreign Commerce 69

c. Restraint of Competition in Transportation in Foreign Commerce 74

d. Restraint of Competition in the Course of Foreign Commerce 75

e. Restraint of Competition in Foreign Markets 80

GOODS STILL “IN” CMMERCE 80

EFFECT ON COMMERCE 83

INTENT RULE FOR FOREIGN FIRMS 86

Ⅱ. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW 89

A. European Economic Community 90

1. IN GENERAL 90

2. EXTRATERRITORIAL SCOPE 101

B. European Coal and Steel Community 107

Ⅲ. NATIONAL ANTITRUST LAWS IN THE EUROPEAN COM-MUNITY 109

A. Belgium 109

B. France 110

C. Germany 111

D. The Netherlands 113

SUMMARY 115

CHAPTER 3 Extraterritorial Procedure and Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws of the United States and of the Communities and Member States 117

1. AMERICAN LAW 118

A. Extraterritorial Discovery Orders and Judgments 118

1. EFFECT OF INCONSISTENT FOREIGN LAW， IN GENERAL 118

2. SOURCES OF CONFLICT 121

a. Foreign Statutes 121

b. Foreign Court Orders 122

c. Duties under Foreign Private Law 123

d. Conduct Authorized， but not Required， by Foreign Law 125

e. Risk of Foreign Government Opprobrium or Business Loss 126

3. ADJUSTMENT OF ORDERS AND DECREES TO MEET PROBLEMS OF CONFLICT WITH FOREIGN LAW 127

B. Court Jurisdiction over Foreign Defendants in Antitrust Suits 131

1. VENUE 132

2. SERVICE OF PROCESS 133

Ⅱ. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW 135

A. Commission Personal Jurisdiction over Foreign Firms 137

B. Extraterritorial Discovery and Other Orders 138

1. COMMISSION INVESTIGATIVE POWERS， IN GENERAL 139

a. Requests for Information 139

b. Investigations by the Commission 140

c. Member State Investigations and Cooperation 141

d. Scope of Discovery 142

2. EXTRATERRITORIAL DISCOVERY 144

Ⅲ. NATIONAL ANTITRUST LAWS IN THE EUROPEAN COM-MUNITY 145

A. Belgium 145

B. France 146

C. Germany 146

D. The Netherlands 147

CHAPTER 4 The Nature and Extent of Conflict Between American Antitrust Law and Laws in the Common Market 148

Definitions and Assumptions 148

Ⅰ. HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENTS 151

A. Applicable Laws 152

1. AMERICAN LAW 152

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 153

a. EEC and ECSC 153

b. Member States 155

B. Conflict Analysis 158

1. RESTRAINT OF COMPETITION IN AMERICAN IMPORTS 158

2. RESTRAINT OF COMPETITION IN AMERICAN EXPORTS TO THE COMMON MARKET 160

3. RESTRAINTS AFFECTING EXPORT TRADE WITH THIRD COUNTRIES 163

4. RESTRAINTS EXEMPTED BY THE WEBB-POMERENE ACT 165

Ⅱ. ACQUISITIONS AND MERGERS 168

A. Applicable Laws 168

1. AMERICAN LAW 169

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 171

B. Conflict Analysis 173

1. MERGERS OF EUROPEAN FIRMS 174

2. MERGERS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEANFIRMS 175

Ⅲ. CORPORATE JOINT VENTURES 181

A. Formation of Joint Ventures 181

1. AMERICAN LAW 181

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 186

B. Agreements Concerning Joint Venture Operations 187

1. AMERICAN LAW 187

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 190

C. Conflict Analysis 197

Ⅳ. DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS 199

A. Refusal to Deal 200

1. AMERICAN LAW 200

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 201

B. Resale Price Maintenance Agreements 204

1. AMERICAN LAW 204

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 206

C. Exclusive Selling and Buying Arrangements； Tying 208

1. AMERICAN LAW 209

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 212

D. Territorial and Customer Restriction of Dealers 215

1. AMERICAN LAW 215

2. EUROPEAN LAWS 217

E. Conflict Analysis 219

1. DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES 219

2. DISTRIBUTION IN THE COMMON MARKET 220

a. Refusal to Deal 221

b. Resale Price Agreements 221

c. Exclusive Arrangements and Tying 222

d. Territorial and Customer Restrictions 223

Ⅴ. PATENTS 224

A. American Law 224

1. LICENSE RESTRICTIONS 225

2. PATENT POOLS 227

3. PATENT MISUSE 228

B. European Laws 228

C. Conflict Analysis 233

1. LICENSE RESTRICTIONS 233

2. PATENT CROSS-LICENSING AND POOLS 235

3. PATENT MISUSE 236

Ⅵ. RESTRAINTS RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT ACTION 236

SUMMARY 240

CHAPTER 5 Patent and Trademark License Agreements in the Common Market and Antitrust Law-The Problem of Territorial Limitation 244

Introduction 244

Ⅰ. ALLOCATIONS OF NATIONAL TERRITORIES INHERENT IN OR BASED ON INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 245

A. Articles 36 and 222 as Immunizing Exercise of Industrial Property Rights from Articles 85 and 86 249

Ⅱ. REGULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS OF EEC AUTHORITIES PRIOR TO THE GRUNDIG-CONSTEN DE-CISION OF 1966 257

Ⅲ. THE GRUNDIG-CONSTEN DECISION AND TERRITORIAL RIGHTS OF TRADEMARK HOLDERS WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET 261

Ⅳ. THE STATUS OF TERRITORIAL RESTRICTIONS IN MULTIPLE PARALLEL PATENT LICENSING ARRANGEMENTS IN THE COMMON MARKET AFTER THE GRUNDIG-CONSTEN DE-CISION 271

A. Impact of European Trademark and Patent Conventions 284

Ⅴ. CONFLICT BETWEEN AMERICAN AND COMMON MARKET ANTITRUST PRINCIPLES 288

A. Conflict Arising with Respect to “Unilateral” License Arrangements 288

B. Conflict Concerning Cooperative Use of Industrial Property：Concurrent Trademark Use Commitments， Cross-Licensing and Patent Pools 293

1. CONCURRENT TRADEMARK USE COMMIT-MENTS 293

2. COOPERATIVE USE OF PATENTS AND PATENT LICENSES AND ALLOCATION OF TERRITORIES 300

C. Possible Long-Run Mitigation through Patent and Trademark Conventions 308

CONCLUSION 309

CHAPTER 6 The Swiss Watch Case 311

Introduction 311

Ⅰ. SUMMARY OF THE CASE 313

A. Outline of the Proceedings 313

B. Allegations of the Complaint 315

C. The District Court’s Decision of December 1962 319

1. EFFECT OF RESTRAINTS ON U.S. COMMERCE 320

a. Restraints on Manufacturing in the United States 320

b. Restraints on Imports into the United States 323

c. Restraints on Exports from the United States 326

d. Exclusive Distribution Agreements 327

e. Blacklists and Boycotts 328

2. DISCUSSION OF LEGAL ISSUES 329

D. The Initial and Modified Final Judgments 331

1. COURT HEARINGS ON PROPOSALS FOR FINAL JUDGMENT： 1963 331

2. SWISS GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND THE MODIFIED JUDGMENT： 1964-65 334

Ⅱ. THE STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICTS 338

A. The Swiss Watch Industry 339

B. The Collective Conventions and Government Controls 345

C. The American Watch Industry 349

D. The American Watch Tariffs 353

Ⅲ. SOME QUESTIONS RAISED 357

A. Application of American Law to Foreign Nationals for Lawful Acts Abroad 357

B. The Decision to Proceed 359

C. Decisions at the International Level 361

CHAPTER 7 The Limits Under International Law of National Jurisdiction to Regulate the Conduct of Interna-tional Trade 364

Introduction 364

Ⅰ. THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 366

Ⅱ. JURISDICTION 370

A. Territorial Principle of Jurisdiction 372

1. OBJECTIVE TERRITORIALITY 375

2. JURISDICTION BASED ON TERRITORIAL EFFECTS 382

B. Nonterritorial Bases of Jurisdiction 392

1. NATIONALITY PRINCIPLE 393

2. PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE 397

3. THE UNIVERSALITY PRINCIPLE 401

4. PASSIVE PERSONALITY PRINCIPLE 402

Ⅲ. CONFLICTS AS TO JURISDICTION 403

A. Conflicts in the Exercise of Concurrent Jurisdiction 403

EXTRATERRITORIAL ENFORCEMENT 405

B. Conflicts in Claims to Jurisdiction to Prescribe 407

Ⅳ. ALTERNATIVES FOR SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS 409

A. Traditional International Law Approach 410

B. International Adjudication 411

C. The Restatement Rule 414

CONCLUSION 416

CHAPTER 8 International Organizations and Treaties in Anti-trust 417

Ⅰ. ATTEMPTS BY EXISTING INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO DEAL WITH RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES 419

A. The Havana Charter： 1948 419

B. United Nations Economic and Social Council： （ECOSOC）1951-1955 425

C. Council of Europe： 1949-1955 427

D. GATT.： 1954-1960 432

E. Organization for European Economic Cooperation （OEEC）：1949； and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD）： 1960 434

Ⅱ. REGIONAL EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS 435

A. The European Communities 435

B. The European Free Trade Association （EFTA） 436

Ⅲ. SUMMATION AND ASSESSMENT 437

CHAPTER 9 American and International Consultation， Notifica-tion and Cooperation Arrangements 440

Ⅰ. CONSULTATION PROCEDURES OF THE UNITED STATES 440

A. Justice-State Department Consultation Procedures 440

B. The Canadian-United States Consultation and Cooperation Procedure 441

C. “Restrictive Business Practices ”Clauses in Treaties of Friendship， Commerce and Navigation 448

Ⅱ. PROPOSALS AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERNATIONAL CONSULTATION， NOTIFICATION AND EXCHANGE 451

A. Articles 2， 4 and 8 of the Draft Convention of the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on Restrictive Business Prac-tices 451

B. The GATT Activity on Restrictive Business Practices 453

C. OEEC and OECD Informational and Cooperative Pro-cedures 454

CONCLUSION 459

Index 461

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