INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN NAME LAE ICNN AND THE UDRPPDF电子书下载

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1. THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM 1

The Internet 1

1.1 The Internet 1

1.2 TCP/IP 2

1.3 Internet Standards 3

Internet Addressing and the DNS 3

1.4 Internet Naming and Addressing 3

1.5 IP Addresses 4

1.6 IPv6 6

1.7 The Domain Name System (DNS) 6

1.8 The Domain Name Space 8

Top-level Domains (TLDs) 9

1.9 Top-level Domains (TLDs) 9

1.10 Original Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs) 9

1.11 Country Code Top-level Domains (ccTLDs) 10

1.12 Commercialisation of the Internet 11

1.13 New Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs) 12

1.14 New Sponsored TLDs (sTLDs) 14

1.15 Policy on Introducing New gTLDs 17

Operation of DNS 18

1.16 Name Servers 18

1.17 Root Name Servers and the Root Zone File 20

1.18 Name Resolvers 22

1.19 Resource Records 22

1.20 Mapping Addresses to Domain Names 24

1.21 The WHOIS Directory Service 24

1.22 BIND 26

2. DNS GOVERNANCE AND ICANN 27

Internet and DNS Governance 27

2.1 Governance 27

2.2 Internet Governance and the WSIS 28

2.3 The Problem of DNS Governance 30

History of DNS Governance 32

2.4 Early History 32

2.5 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 33

2.6 Privatisation of the Root 35

2.7 The Crisis in Governance 36

2.8 The International Ad Hoc Committee 37

Origins of ICANN 40

2.9 The NTIA Green Paper 40

2.10 The NTIA White Paper 42

2.11 Formation of ICANN 46

Contractual Basis of DNS Governance 48

2.12 The 1999 Agreements 48

2.13 The ICANN/DOC MOU 53

2.14 Department of Commerce Supervision 54

2.15 US Government Principles and the EU 57

2.16 2006 NTIA Consultation 59

2.17 The September 2006 Agreement 59

2.18 IANA Function Contract 61

2.19 VeriSign Agreement 62

ICANN 64

2.20 ICANN's Structural Reform Process 64

2.21 ICANN's Constitution 64

2.22 ICANN's Mission 65

2.23 ICANN's Core Values 66

ICANN's Structure 67

2.24 ICANN's Structure 67

2.24.1 Board of Directors 67

2.24.2 Supporting Organisations 69

2.24.3 Advisory Committees 73

2.24.4 External Advisory Mechanisms 77

ICANN's Processes 78

2.25 ICANN's Processes 78

2.25.1 Policy-development Processes 79

2.25.2 Transparency 79

2.25.3 Accountability and Review 79

Registry and Registrar Agreements 82

2.26 gTLD Registry Agreements 82

2.27 .com Registry Agreement 83

2.28 Registrar Accreditation Agreement 87

ccTLD Governance 89

2.29 ICANN and ccTLD Governance 89

The WSIS 92

2.30 The WSIS and the IGF 92

3. UNIFORM DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION 95

Domain Name Disputes 95

3.1 'Cybersquatting' 95

3.2 NSI Dispute Resolution Policy 99

History of the UDRP 99

3.3 Origins of the UDRP 99

3.4 The WIPO First Process Report 101

3.5 ICANN's Adoption of WIPO Recommendations 103

3.6 WIPO and ICANN's UDRP: Differences 106

The UDRP 109

3.7 Abusive, Bad Faith Registration 109

3.8 The Affirmative Defences 113

3.9 Implementation of the UDRP 115

3.10 Dispute-resolution Service Providers 116

WIPO Second Process Report 117

3.11 The WIPO Second Process Report 117

3.12 Response to the Report 119

Other Dispute-resolution Systems 120

3.13 Other ICANN Dispute Resolution Systems 120

Limited Remedies 122

3.14 Limited Remedies under the UDRP 122

Fundamental Tensions and WIPO Overview 123

3.15 UDRP Fundamental Tensions 123

3.16 WIPO Overview of UDRP Decisions 127

4. UDRP PROCEDURES 129

The UDRP Rules 129

4.1 The UDRP Rules 129

Precedent and the UDRP 130

4.2 Precedential Value of Panel Decisions 130

UDRP Procedures 133

4.3 The Complainant 133

4.4 The Complaint 135

4.5 Serving the Respondent 137

4.6 The Respondent 137

4.7 The Response 138

4.8 Late Responses 140

4.9 The Panel and Panel Decisions 141

Choice of Law and Language 142

4.10 Choice of Law 142

4.11 Proper Language of the Proceedings 146

Supplemental Submissions and Refiling 148

4.12 Supplemental Submissions 148

4.13 Refiled Complaints 152

Burden of Proof 154

4.14 Burden of Proof 154

Other Procedural Issues 155

4.15 Independent Research by UDRP Panels 155

4.16 Default Rules 157

Reverse Domain Name Hijacking 161

4.17 Reverse Domain Name Hijacking 161

Equitable Defences 167

4.18 Equitable Doctrines and Defences 167

5. IDENTICAL OR CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR DOMAIN NAMES 171

Overview 171

5.1 Overview 171

Trade Marks 171

5.2 Trade Mark 171

5.3 Early History of Trade Mark Law 173

5.4 Legislative Definitions of'Trade Mark' 174

5.5 'Trade Mark' in the Union Label Case 176

5.6 Service Mark 176

'Unregistered' Trade Marks 177

5.7 Common Law Trade Marks and Passing Off 177

5.8 The US Unfair Competition Tort 179

5.9 Unregistered Marks in Civil Law 180

Registered Trade Marks 181

5.10 Registered Trade Marks under the UDRP 181

5.11 Collective and Certification Marks 182

5.12 Location of Jurisdiction of Registration 183

5.13 Registration where Full Rights not Granted 184

5.14 Applications for Registration 186

5.15 Time at which Rights Arise under the UDRP 188

Unregistered Marks 190

5.16 Unregistered Marks under the UDRP 190

5.17 Unregistered Marks: Civil Law Jurisdictions 192

5.18 Common Law Rights under US Law 193

5.18.1 Inherently Distinctive Marks 193

5.18.2 Descriptive Marks 196

5.18.3 Generic Terms 199

5.18.4 Composite Marks 201

5.19 'Common Law Rights' under English Law 202

5.19.1 Requirements for Common Law Rights under English Law: Distinctiveness and Secondary Meaning 204

5.19.2 The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Problems in Practice 206

5.19.3 The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Examples 209

Personal Names 210

5.20 Personal Names 210

5.20.1 Rights in Personal Names that Are Registered as Trade Marks 212

5.20.2 Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: US Trade Mark Law 212

5.20.3 Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: the English Action for Passing Off 216

5.20.4 Status of Unregistered Personal Names: Summary and Examples 221

Geographical Terms 223

5.21 Geographical Terms 223

5.21.1 Rights in Geographical Terms that are Included in Registered Trade Marks 225

5.21.2 Unregistered Rights in Geographical Terms 229

5.21.3 Rights of Legal Authorities for Geographical Areas 231

Non-exclusive Rights 233

5.22 Licensees and Other Non-exclusive Rights 233

Comparing Domain Names and Marks 239

5.23 Comparing Marks under National Laws 239

5.24 The Requirement of Use as a Trade Mark 241

5.25 Comparing Marks under the UDRP 244

5.26 Literal Comparison or Source Confusion 246

'Identical or Confusingly Similar' 249

5.27 Web Site Content Irrelevant in Confusion 249

5.28 Elements to be Ignored in Comparison 251

5.29 Graphical or Design Elements 251

5.30 Identicality 252

5.31 'Essential or Virtual Identity is Sufficient' 253

5.32 Addition of Terms does not Dispel Confusion 255

5.33 Addition of Generic 'Internet' Terms 258

Typosquatting 259

5.34 'Typosquatting' 259

Gripe Sites 262

5.35 Gripe Sites and Confusion 262

5.36 Treatment of Gripe Sites under US Law 262

5.37 Panel Views on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names 263

5.38 Justifications for the Majority View 265

5.39 Justifications for the Minority View 268

5.40 'Sucks'-type Domain Names: no Universal Rule 270

5.41 Conclusions on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names 273

6. RIGHTS OR INTERESTS IN THE DISPUTED DOMAIN NAME 277

Overview and Policy 277

6.1 Overview 277

6.2. Policy Considerations 277

Affirmative Defences 279

6.3 Affirmative Defences in Paragraph 4(c) 279

Burden of Proof 281

6.4 Burden of Proof 281

6.5 What Amounts to a Prima Facie Case? 282

6.6 The Respondent's Burden of Proof 288

Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services 291

6.7 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services 291

6.7.1 What is Meant by 'Notice' of the Dispute? 292

6.7.2 'Use' of the Domain Nane 294

6.7.3 'Demonstrable Preparations' to Use a Domain Name and the Status of Business Plans 297

6.7.4 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: General Principles 300

6.7.5 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Trading Off the Reputation of the Trade Mark Owner to Attract or Divert Internet Users 301

6.7.6 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Depriving the Complainant of the Opportunity to Reflect its Mark in a Domain Name 305

6.7.7 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Respondent that Resells a Complainant's Goods or Services Have a Right or Legitimate Interest in the Disputed Domain Name? 306

6.7.8 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller that is Not in a Contractual Relationship with the Complainant have Rights or Interests in the Disputed Domain Name? 313

6.7.9 Bona Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller have Rights or Interests in the Dusputed Domain Name Where a Contractual Relationship with the Complainant has been Terminated? 315

'Commonly Known by' Domain Name 317

6.8 Holder 'Commonly Known by' Domain Name 317

6.8.1 Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name: the Time at which the Respondent must be 'Commonly Known' 317

6.8.2 Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name: When is the Respondent 'Commonly Known' by the Name? 318

6.8.3 Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name: Can the Respondent be 'Commonly Known' by a Nickname? 319

Non-commercial or Fair Use 321

6.9 Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use 321

6.9.1 US 'Classic Fair Use' Doctrine 323

6.9.2 US 'Nominative Fair Use' Doctrine 325

6.9.3 Freedom of Expression and the Treatment of Parody under US Trade Mark Law 327

6.9.4 Tarnishment 329

6.9.5 Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use 'Without Intent for Commercial Gain': the Position of Commercial Sites and 'Sham Speech' Domain Names 331

6.9.6 Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Intent to 'Tarnish' the Complainant's Mark 333

6.9.7 Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Overview of the Treatment of Criticism Sites 335

6.9.8 First View: 'Domain Name Itself is Misleading' 336

6.9.9 Second View: 'Complaints Site' Approach 340

6.9.10 Third View: the 'Totality of Circumstances' Approach 342

6.9.11 Criticism Sites: Discussion 345

6.9.12 Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: 'Fan' Sites 347

Generic Terms 352

6.10 Rights or Interests in Generic Terms 352

6.11 Registering a Generic Domain Name in Good Faith 354

7. BAD FAITH REGISTRATION AND USE 361

Overview and Policy 361

7.1 Overview 361

7.2 Policy Considerations 362

Registration and Use in Bad Faith 363

7.3 The Four Non-exclusive Circumstances 363

7.4 'Totality of Circumstances' Approach 365

7.5 Reconciling Paragraphs 4(a)(iii) and 4(b) 366

Bad Faith Use 367

7.6 Registered and Used in Bad Faith 367

7.7 Point in Time of Use in Bad Faith 368

7.8 Good Faith Registration and Bad Faith Use 369

Bad Faith Registration 371

7.9 Is Renewal Registration? 371

7.10 The Nuclear Marshmallows 'Inaction Doctrine' 372

7.11 Inferring Bad Faith Registration from Use 376

Notice of Complainant's Mark 376

7.12 Actual and Imputed Notice 376

7.13 Constructive Notice 383

7.14 Registration of Domain Name before Trade Mark 387

Disclaimer 392

7.15 Relevance of Disclaimer on Respondent's Web Site 392

'Opportunistic' Bad Faith 396

7.16 'Opportunistic' Bad Faith 396

Registration for Purpose of Sale 398

7.17 Registration for Purpose of Sale 398

7.17.1 Paragraph 4(b)(i): What Amounts to 'Circumstances Indicating' that the Domain Name has been Registered for the Purpose of Selling It to the Complainant or a Competitor? 399

7.17.2 Paragraph 4(b)(i): Can an Offer to Sell a Domain Name in Settlement Negotiations Amount to Bad Faith? 399

7.17.3 Paragraph 4(b)(i): 'Primarily' for the Purpose of Selling the Domain Name 402

7.17.4 Paragraph 4(b)(i): For the Purpose of 'Selling, Renting or Otherwise Transferring' for 'Valuable Consideration in Excess of Documented Out-of-pockets Costs' 403

7.17.5 Paragraph 4(b)(i): General Offers to Sell or Domain Name Auctions 405

7.17.6 Paragraph 4(b)(i): Good Faith Offers to Sell the Disputed Domain Name 407

Registration to Prevent Use of Mark 410

7.18 Registration to Prevent Use of Mark as Domain Name 410

7.18.1 Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct' Arising from Multiple UDRP Disputes Involving Multiple Complainants 414

7.18.2 Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct' Arising from Multiple Registrations of Domain Names Reflecting the Complainant's Mark or Marks 416

7.18.3 Paragraph 4(b)(ii): Circumstances in which Multiple Registrations do not Amount to a 'Pattern of Conduct' 418

Disrupting Competitor's Business 419

7.19 Registration to Disrupt Competitor's Business 419

7.19.1 Paragraph 4(b)(iii): 'Disruption' of the Business of a Competitor 422

7.19.2 Paragraph 4(b) (iii); When is the Respondent a 'Competitor' of the Complainant? 426

Commercial Gain from Confusing Use 433

7.20 Commercial Gain from Confusing Use 433

7.20.1 Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Intentionally' Attempting to Attract Internet Users to the Domain Name Holder's Web Site or Other Online Location 434

7.20.2 Paragraph 4(b)(iv): Diverting Internet Users for 'Commercial Gain' 437

7.20.3 Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Diverting' Internet Users by Creating a 'Likelihood of Confusion' 438

Appendix 1-CANN's Structure 445

Appendix 2-DRP 447

Appendix 3-DRP Rules 453

Appendix 4-NSO Final Report: Principles, Recommendations and Implementation Guidelines for Introduction of New gILDs 463

Bibliography 471

Index 475

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