The TRIPS regime of patent rightsPDF电子书下载

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Introduction-The primary function of patents:to meter inventions in a relatively accurate manner(as compared to trade secrets and public subsidies) 1

1.The two best known explanations of the functions of patents:the reward and the prospect theories 2

a)Primarily,patents are not rewards 2

b)Primarily,patents do not serve to prospect the market 7

2.The evolution of the patent system:from state patronage(awards,wages,privileges,and monopolies)to modern individual property rights(patents) 9

a)Awards and wages 9

b)Privileges and monopolies 11

c)Patents:mechanisms of private appropriation of inventions 12

3.Trade secrets and patents:competing appropriation devices 17

a)Patents are more socially efficient than trade secrets insofar as they provide for a better quantification of technology and a better qualification of rights:the metering function of patents. 18

b)Injunctions issued to enforce trade secret protection:a problem of uncertainty resulting from the lack of a predetermined term. 21

c)Pro-competitive effects of patent disclosure 22

d)The residual social value of trade secret protection 22

4.The metering function of patents in a nutshell 23

PREAMBLE 27

1.The scope,the nature and the function of the TRIPS Agreement 28

a)The scope of the TRIPS Agreement 28

b)The dynamic dimension of the TRIPS Agreement 31

c)The nature and the function of the Agreement 33

(ⅰ)The first objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade 35

(ⅱ)The second objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to protect private property rights 37

2.TRIPS-intellectual property and trade 40

a)TRIPS and the GATT 43

b)The WTO and WIPO 48

3.Intellectual property and economic development 52

PART Ⅰ-GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 59

Article 1-Nature and Scope of Obligations 59

1.The TRIPS Agreement:a minimum standards agreement 60

2.Method of implementing the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 63

3.Implementation 65

4.The scope of TRIPS Obligations 68

Article 2-Intellectual Property Conventions 71

1.The objective of the Paris Convention:the articulation of national patent systems. 71

2.The national treatment principle under the Paris Convention 72

3.The principle of priority 73

4.The principle of independence 74

5.Article 5 of the Paris Convention and trade protectionism 76

6.From the Paris Convention to the TRIPS Agreement 76

7.The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention 78

Article 3-National Treatment 84

1.The"no less favourable treatment"standard of the TRIPS Agreement as opposed to the "same treatment" standard of the Paris Convention 84

2.Two GATT Panel Reports on the national treatment principle and Article XX(d)of the GATT 1947 88

3.Scope and reach of the footnote to Article 3 90

Article 4-Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 94

1.The most-favoured-nation treatment principle 94

2.The mfn principle and the national treatment principle:a rule of thumb 95

3.The scope of the mfn principle 96

4.Exemptions from the mfn principle 96

Article 5-Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection 101

1.The scope of the exemption under Article 5 101

2.An example of an admissible exemption 103

Article 6-Exhaustion 104

1.The meaning of Article 6 104

2.Exhaustion 107

3.The legal implications of international exhaustion 113

Article 7-Objectives 122

1.The actual scope and meaning of Article 7 122

2.Transfer and dissemination of technology 127

3.The meaning of the expression "balance of rights and obligations" 131

4.The relationship between Article 7 and Article 67 135

Article 8-Principles 137

Paragraph 1 138

1.The conditions for the application of Article 8.1 138

2.The necessity test 138

3.Article 8.1 and non-violation complaints 140

4.The TRIPS Agreement and public health 140

5.The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 146

a)Introduction 146

b)Commentary 147

Paragraph 2 154

1.The scope of Article 8.2 154

2.Patents,their metering function,and competition policy 155

a)Patents and monopolies 156

b)Abuses of patent rights 161

PART Ⅱ-STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY,SCOPE AND USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 165

Section 5:Patents 165

Article 27-Patentable Subject Matter 165

Paragraph 1 165

1.The precedents of Article 27 165

2.Prohibition of discrimination 167

3.Definition of discrimination for the purposes of the TRIPS Agreement 168

4.Article 27.1 and Article 1 171

5.Article 27.1 and the metering function of patents 171

a)Inventions and discoveries.The condition of alternativeness of inventions:a fourth substantive condition of patentability? 172

(ⅰ)The condition of alternativeness of inventions as formulated by the United States Supreme Court 173

(ⅱ)The condition of alternativeness of inventions:a corollary of the metering function of patents 179

(ⅲ)The condition of alternativeness of inventions and mandatory technical standards 180

(ⅳ)The condition of alternativeness of inventions and the essential facility doctrine 181

(ⅴ)Patentability of discoveries is not always "more extensive protection than is required" by the TRIPS Agreement 184

b)Patentable subject matter 185

(ⅰ)Computer software 185

(ⅱ)Business methods 187

(ⅲ)Second uses 188

5.Substantive examination 190

6.Conditions of patentability:a minimum or a maximum? 192

7.Discrimination as to the place of invention 194

8.Discrimination as to the field of technology 194

9.Discrimination as to the local of production:the local working requirement 195

a)The working requirement under the Paris Convention 195

b)The meaning of the last sentence of Article 27.1 196

c)The interface between international exhaustion and the local working requirement 198

d)A persuasive precedent of GATT jurisprudence:The United States Manufacturing Clause 199

e)The cross-disputes between the United States and Brazil 200

f)The local exploitation requirement and Article XX(j)of the GATT 1947:an admissible exception to Article 27.1? 204

Paragraph 2 205

1.Exclusions from patentability on ethical grounds 205

2.Morality and "ordre public" 207

3.The two-step necessity test 209

4.Exclusions from commercial exploitation as opposed to other forms of exploitation 211

5.Article 27.2 and Article 4quater of the Paris Convention 212

Paragraph 3(a) 214

Paragraph 3(b) 216

1.Plant variety protection.The UPOV 218

a)The farmers'exemption 221

b)The breeders' exemption 223

2.The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the CBD 225

a)The negotiations in the TRIPS Council 225

b)The intersection of the TRIPS Agreement with the CBD 229

(ⅰ)The precautionary principle and the TRIPS Agreement 230

(ⅱ)Article 8(j)of the CBD and the TRIPS Agreement 231

(ⅲ)Article 15 of the CBD and Articles 27 and 28 of the TRIPS Agreement 234

(ⅳ)Article 16 of the CBD and the TRIPS Agreement 238

(ⅴ)Article 18 of the CBD and the TRIPS Agreement 240

(ⅵ)In a nutshell,there is no necessary conflict between the CBD and the TRIPS Agreement 241

3.The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the FAO International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 244

Article 28-Rights Conferred 247

1.The meaning and scope of Article 28 247

2.Administrative enforcement of patent rights by regulatory authorities:a new trend? 251

Article 29-Conditions on Patent Applicants 254

1.Enabling disclosure 254

2.Elements for assessing the sufficiency of disclosure 255

3.The best mode disclosure 257

4.Information concerning foreign applications 258

5.The requirement to disclose the origin of genetic resources and prior informed consent of the use of traditional knowledge in patent applications 259

a)The objective of the Requirement 259

b)The Requirement as a formal requirement rather than a substantive one 262

c)The Requirement as a condition of validity of intellectual property rights and applicable international law 264

(ⅰ)The TRIPS Agreement 264

(ⅱ)The UPOV Convention(s) 269

(ⅲ)The Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT) 270

(ⅳ)The Patent Law Treaty(PLT) 272

(ⅴ)The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) 273

d)Current multilateral negotiations 275

e)In search of a solution for adopting the Requirement without unduly burdening the patent system and/or infringing international law 281

(ⅰ)The TK holder:a co-inventor? 281

(ⅱ)Non-statutory standards and the duty of disclosure:unjust enrichment and uninformed consent 285

(ⅲ)Revisiting a solution to the need for an additional disclosure requirement:the unclean hands doctrine 292

(ⅳ)Another possible solution under current national and international patent law:material contributions to the inventive activity may generate material interests in the patent 296

(ⅴ)A word of caution:the limited value of the Requirement 300

(ⅵ)In a nutshell,patents are certificates of inventive behavior;patents are not certificates of good behavior 301

Article 30-Exceptions to Rights Conferred 304

1.The three conditions for the application of Article 30 305

2.Article 30 and Article 27.1 310

3.Examples of exceptions to rights conferred; the problems with exhaustion,manual handling of pharmaceutical preparations and prior user exceptions. 310

4.Article 30 and the implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 313

Article 31-Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder 315

Paragraph 315

Subparagraph(a) 318

Subparagraph(b) 319

Subparagraph(c) 326

Subparagraph(d) 327

Subparagraph(e) 328

Subparagraph(f) 329

1.The meaning and scope of Article 31(f) 329

2.Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 331

3.The Decision of the WTO General Council of August 30,2003,on the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 333

a)Introduction 333

b)Commentary 339

Subparagraph(g) 365

Subparagraph(h) 366

Subparagraph(i) 367

Subparagraph(j) 367

Subparagraph(k) 367

Subparagraph(1) 369

Article 32-Revocation/Forfeiture 372

Article 33-Term of Protection 378

Article 34-Process Patents:Burden of Proof 383

Section 7:Protection of Undisclosed Information 388

Article 39,paragraph 3 388

1.The scope of Article 39.3 388

2.Unfair commercial use 391

3.Exclusive test data protection as opposed to protection of secrecy 394

4.Fair commercial use 395

5.Compulsory licensing of test data 396

6.New chemical entity 397

7.Test data and territoriality 398

8.Term of protection of test data 399

PART Ⅴ-DISPUTE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT 401

Article 64-Dispute Settlement 401

1.Objectives and nature of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 401

2.The new features of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 402

3.Conciliatory steps 402

4.The outcome of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 405

5.Specific issues concerning the withdrawal of concessions in the TRIPS Agreement 406

6.Non-violation and situation complaints 407

7.Patent-related disputes 412

8.Lessons from the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 416

a)First lesson:good intentions do not count 416

b)Second lesson:more(protection)is always better than less 416

c)Third lesson:international trade has reasons that the Reason does not know 416

PART Ⅵ-TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 419

Article 65-Transitional Arrangements 419

Paragraph 4 419

Paragraph 5 422

1.Standstill 422

2.Standstill and LDCs 422

Article 66 - Least-Developed Country Members 428

Paragraph 1 428

Paragraph 2 433

Article 70-Protection of Existing Subject Matter 437

Paragraph 1 437

Paragraph 2 439

Paragraph 3 441

Paragraph 4 441

Paragraph 6 442

Paragraph 7 443

Paragraph 8(mailbox) 444

Paragraph 9(exclusive marketing rights) 446

Index 453

Annex 451

Part 1 461

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 464

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property(1967)(excerpt) 493

Part 2 505

Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health(WT/MIN(01)/DEC(2)) 507

Extension of the Transitional Period Under Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement for Least-Developed Country Members for Certain Obligations with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products(IP/C/W/25) 509

Least-Developed Countries - Obligations Under Article 70.9 of the TRIPS Agreement with Respect to Pharmaceutical Products(WT/L/478) 510

Implementation of Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement(IP/C/W/28) 511

Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health(WT/L/540) 513

Minutes of Meeting(of the General Council)(WT/GC/M/82)(excerpt) 518

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