The Codex Alimentarius Commission and its standardsPDF电子书下载

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Introduction 1

1.The rise of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and its standards 1

2.International governance and fragmentation of international law；questions as to the legal nature of Codex standards 3

3.Legitimacy and the Codex Alimentarius Commission, its standard-setting procedure and its standards 6

4.The structure of research 12

Chapter Ⅰ The Codex Alimentarius Commission: the Institutional Framework 13

1.Introduction 13

2.The origin of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme 13

3.A Joint FAO/WHO Institutional Framework 16

3.1 The Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission 18

3.1.1 Powers and internal rules 18

3.1.1.1 The subsidiary character of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 19

3.1.1.2 Delegation of powers as basis for Codex Alimentarius Commission’s authority 21

3.1.1.3 The Procedural Manual 24

3.1.2 Composition 25

3.1.2.1 Members of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 25

3.1.2.2 Observers of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 27

3.1.3 Meetings of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 28

3.1.4 Budgetary issues 30

3.2 The Executive Committee 31

3.2.1 Legal basis, powers and internal rules 31

3.2.2 Composition 32

3.2.3 Meetings and budgetary issues 33

3.3 The Codex Secretariat 33

3.4 The Codex Committees and Task Forces 34

3.4.1 Different types of Committees 35

3.4.1.1 General Codex Committees and Commodity Codex Committees 36

3.4.1.2 Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Forces 38

3.4.1.3 Regional Co-ordinating Committees 38

3.4.2 Powers and internal rules 39

3.4.3 Composition 39

3.4.4 Budgetary issues 40

3.5 Scientific expert bodies 42

3.5.1 Mandate and internal rules 42

3.5.2 Composition and meetings 44

3.5.3 Administration and finance 47

3.6 The Joint FAO/WHO Consultative Group for the Trust Fund 48

4.Conclusions 49

Chapter Ⅱ The Codex Alimentarius: harmonisation through standard-setting 51

1.Introduction 51

2.The structure of the Codex Alimentarius 52

2.1 From a vertical to a horizontal approach 53

2.2 World-wide and regional Codex standards 56

2.3 Other types of Codex measures 58

2.4 The relationship between the various measures 59

3.The scope and specificity of the measures contained in the Codex Alimentarius 62

3.1 Ensuring the protection of health 63

3.2 Ensuring fair trade practices in foods 66

3.3 Addressing the diversity of national circumstances 67

3.3.1 Scientific ‘uncertainty’ due to variability 67

3.3.2 Diversity of national circumstances and ‘non-scientific’ factors 71

4.The Codex standard-setting procedure and the acceptance procedure 73

4.1 A uniform 8-step standard-setting procedure 75

4.2 The emphasis on consensus-building during the standard-setting procedure 80

4.3 The publication and acceptance procedure 83

5.The Codex Alimentarius: levels of harmonisation 86

5.1 Codex standards and other Codex measures 87

5.2 The acceptance procedure 89

6.Legal status of the Codex Alimentarius under the acceptance procedure 91

7.Conclusions 93

Chapter Ⅲ The Codex and the EC 95

1.Introduction 95

2.Overview of the harmonisation process of the European Community and the Codex Alimentarius Commission compared 96

2.1 Prior to 1987 96

2.2 1987-1997 98

2.3 1997-2002 99

2.4 Post-2002 101

3.The promotion of the acceptance of Codex standards and MRLs 102

4.The use of Codex Alimentarius in secondary EC food legislation prior to 2002 103

4.1 The use of Codex Alimentarius in the preparation of EC food law 103

4.2 Reference to the Codex Alimentarius in secondary EC food legislation 106

5.The Codex Alimentarius and the European Court of Justice 108

5.1 The European Court of Justice and its reference to the Codex Alimentarius in the context of Article 28 and 30 EC 108

5.1.1 The explicit role of the work of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme in the jurisprudence on Article 30 EC 110

5.1.2 Developments reducing the role of the Codex Alimentarius under Article 30 115

5.2 The European Court of Justice and its use of the Codex Alimentarius in the context of secondary food legislation 116

5.3 The Codex Alimentarius, the European Court of Justice and the legality of EC measures adopted by the Community institutions 117

6. 2002 and beyond: Increasing resort to Codex standards? 120

6.1 General principles of food law and the reference to the Codex Alimentarius 121

6.2 EC food law and the consideration of Codex standards and other related texts 123

6.3 The European Food Safety Authority and the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme 126

7.The changing inter-institutional relationship between the European Commission and the Codex Alimentarius Commission 129

8.Conclusions 132

Chapter Ⅳ The WTO Agreements and the Codex Alimentarius 135

1.Introduction 135

2.Harmonisation in the context of the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 136

2.1 The objective and the function of harmonisation in the framework of the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 137

2.2 The provisions on harmonisation under the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 140

2.2.1 The scope of the obligation to harmonise 140

2.2.1.1 The terms ‘based on’ or ‘use as a basis’ 142

2.2.1.2 The right to deviate from international standards 144

2.2.2 Harmonisation as encouragement 152

3.The status of Codex Measures under the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 154

3.1 The Codex Alimentarius Commission as a recognised standard- setting body under the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 155

3.2 The status of Codex standards as necessary measures to protect legitimate objectives 158

3.3 The status of international standards as binding norms 159

3.3.1 Explicit rejection of binding status of Codex standards by the Appellate Body 160

3.3.2 The application of the terms ‘used as a basis’ by panels 162

3.4 The status of international standards as appropriate and effective standards under the TBT Agreement 164

3.5 The status of international standards under Article 5 of the SPS Agreement 165

3.5.1 Article 5.1: Risk assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organisations 166

3.5.2 The role of the scientific basis of the international standards to interpret the scientific justification for a higher national level of protection 169

3.5.3 The role of international standards and the choice of a least trade restrictive measure achieving this level 173

4.The changed status of Codex measures and the abolition of the Codex acceptance procedure 175

4.1 The obligations under the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement cover all documents adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission 176

4.2 The different objective and content of the obligations resulting om Codex measures in the context of the WTO agreements 177

4.3 Consequences related to the different membership of both institutions 178

4.4 The role of the ‘explicit consent’ under the acceptance procedure and under the SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement 178

4.5 Consequences of the abolition of the Codex acceptance procedure 182

5.The inter-institutional relationship of the WTO - Codex Alimentarius Commission 182

5.1 The dispute settlement mechanism 184

5.1.1 Lack of judicial review to ensure legitimacy of the Codex procedures 185

5.1.2 WTO panels and the interpretation of Codex measures 188

5.1.2.1 The scope of the obligation to use customary rules of interpretation 190

5.1.2.2 The competence to seek information from ‘outside’ sources 192

5.2 The SPS Committee: Monitoring the process of international harmonisation 195

6.Conclusions 197

Chapter Ⅴ The legitimacy of the Codex Alimentarius, the standard-setting procedure and the institutional framework 201

1.Introduction 201

2.Questions of legitimacy related to the institutional structure 203

2.1 The normative competence of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 204

2.2 Delegation of tasks to Codex Committees: a question of decentralisation 206

2.2.1 Concerns related to the position of the Codex Committees 207

2.2.1.1 Codex Committees and the initiation of new work 207

2.2.1.2 The definition of inter-Committee relationship 209

2.2.2 Instruments to supervise and co-ordinate the activities of Codex Committees 211

2.2.2.1 The ‘Criteria for Establishing Work Priorities’, the ‘Medium- Term Plan’ and their application by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the Executive Committee 211

2.2.2.2 The definition of inter-relationship between Codex Committees 214

2.2.3 Amendments of the ‘Procedures for the Elaboration of Codex Standards and Related Texts’ and the new function of the Executive Committee 215

2.3 The mandate of expert bodies 217

2.3.1 Relation risk assessor - risk manager 218

2.3.2 Working procedures to ensure independence of the expert bodies 221

2.4 The role of other international institutions in the elaboration procedure 224

3.Procedural legitimacy 228

3.1 Consensus 230

3.1.1 Final decision-making and the rules regulating consensus 231

3.1.2 Consensus-building: the role of Codex Committees 236

3.1.3 Managing the procedure 237

3.2 Participation 241

3.2.1 Participation possibilities of developing countries 242

3.2.1.1 Obstacles to a de facto effective participation of developing countries 243

3.2.1.2 Ways to stimulate the participation of developing countries 245

3.2.1.2.1 Co-chairing and hosting of Codex Committee meetings in developing countries 246

3.2.1.2.2 The Trust Fund for the participation of developing countries and countries in transition in the work of the Codex Alimentarius Commission 247

3.2.2 Analysing the intergovernmental character of participation rights 248

3.2.3 The participation of industry INGOs vis-a-vis public interest INGOs 250

3.3 Transparency 254

3.3.1 Transparency and the standard-setting procedure 255

3.3.2 Transparency and the Procedural Manual 256

3.3.3 Openness of the meetings of the involved bodies 257

3.3.4 Access to documents 259

3.3.5 Problems related to translations 259

4.Substantive legitimacy 260

5.Conclusions 263

Conclusions 269

1.General conclusions 269

2.Main concerns, recommendations and suggestions 277

2.1 Consequences resulting from the fragmentation of law 277

2.2 Towards a more structural approach to ensure the legitimacy of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, its standard-setting procedure and its standards 279

Annexes 285

Annex Ⅰ:Codex International Individual Standard for Gouda, Codex Stan C-5-1966 285

Annex Ⅱ:Codex Standard for Chocolate and Chocolate Products, Codex Stan 87-1981 （Rev.1-2003） 289

Annex Ⅲ:General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods, Codex Stan 1-1985 （Rev.1-1991） 301

Annex Ⅳ:Code of Hygienic Practice for the Transport of Food in Bulk and Semi-Packed Food, CAC/RCP 47-2001 309

Annex Ⅴ:Guidelines for Food Import Control Systems, CAC/ GL 47-2003 315

Bibliography 325

Table of Cases 339

Index 341

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