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Map of Central Crete 15

INTRODUCTION 17

Utopianism 17

Plato's Life and Work 18

Plato's Political Thought 23

The Republic 24

The Statesman ('Politicus') 25

The Laws 26

The Relationship between the Republicand the Laws 27

Magnesia: the New Utopia 28

(a) Size and Situation 29

(b) Population and Occupatiions 29

(c) Education 30

(d) Religion 30

(e) Law 30

(f) Government and Administration 32

Plato and Totalitarianism 33

The Modern Reaction to Plato 35

Composition and Structure of the Laws: Summary 37

The Translation 39

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 42

THE LAWS 45

1. THE INADEQUACY OF SPARTAN AND CRETAN LEGISLATION 45

Introductory Conversation 45

The Aim of Spartan and Cretan Laws 46

Courage and Pleasure 56

2. DRINKING PARTIES AS AN EDUCATIONAL DEVICE 63

Teetotallers Misguided 63

Can Drinking Parties be Educational? 69

Interlude: The Athenian Pressed for an Answer 70

The Nature and Purpose of Education (1) 72

The Educational Effect of Drinking Parties (1) 75

3. THE ARTS IN THE SERVICE OF EDUCATION 83

The Nature and Purpose of Education (2) 85

How the Arts should reinforce Education 86

Is Pleasure the Proper Criterion in the Arts? 89

Artistic Censorship in Egypt 91

Proper and Improper Pleasures 92

Justice and Happiness go Together 97

Children are Easily Persuaded 101

The Three Choruses 102

Qualifications of the Third Chorus, and an Attack on Contemporary Trends in the Arts 106

The Educational Effects of Drinking Parties (2) 112

Summing-up on the Uses of Drink 114

4. THE LESSONS OF HISTORY (1):LEGISLATION AND THE BALANCE OF POWERS 118

Life after the Flood 118

Autocracy 123

The Primitive City and the Origin of Legislation 124

Troy 125

The Dorian League 127

Why did the League fail? 132

Seven Titles to Authority 137

The Reasons for Sparta's Success 139

5. THE LESSONS OF HISTORY (2): MONARCHY AND DEMOCRACY 143

Two Mother-Constitutions 143

The Persian Monarchy 144

Athens and the Persian Wars 150

The Corruption of the Athenian Democracy 152

Recapitulation 155

The Proposed New Cretan Colony 156

6. MAGNESIA AND ITS PEOPLE 157

Natural Resources 158

The New Colonists 163

The Need for a Benevolent Dictator 164

What Constitution is to be Imposed? 169

The Age of Cronus 170

Law should be Supreme 172

Address to the New Colonists 174

7. THE CORRECT WAY TO LEGISLATE: LAWS AND PREAMBLES 178

The Legislator must Justify his Laws 178

Two Categories of Doctors 181

Two Categories of Laws: an Example 182

Preambles Essential 184

8. GENERAL PREAMBLE TO THE LEGAL CODE 187

Introduction 188

The Importance of Honouring the Soul 189

Physical Fitness 191

Wealth 192

The Correct Treatment of Children 192

Duties to Relatives, Friends and State 193

Duties to Foreigners 193

Personal Morality 194

How to Handle Criminals 195

Selfishness 196

Extremes of Emotion to be Avoided 197

Virtue and Happiness 197

9. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW STATE 201

Preliminary Analysis of the State 201

The Selection of the Citizens 202

Distributing the Land (1) 203

The Size of the Population (1) 205

Religious and Social Occasions 206

States Ideal and Real: Community of Property 207

Distributing the Land (2) 208

The Size of the Population (2) 208

Holdings arc Inalienable 210

The Possession of Money 211

The Four Property-Classes 214

Administrative Units of the State 215

Theory to be Modified by Facts 216

The Pre-eminence of Mathematics 217

Influences of Climate 219

10. CIVIL AND LEGAL ADMINISTRATION 220

Problems of Appointing the First Officials 221

The Election of the Guardians of the Laws 223

Duties and Tenure of the Guardians; Registration of Property 226

Military Officials 227

Generals 227

Company-Commanders 227

The Elections 227

Cavalry-Commanders 228

Disputed Votes 228

The Election of the Council 228

The Notion of Equality 229

The Executive Committee of the Council 230

Other Officials; Priests 231

The Election of the Expounders 232

Treasurers 233

The Protection of the Territory 233

The Rural Courts 235

How the Country-Wardens are to Live 236

The City-Wardens 237

The Market-Wardens 238

Education Officials 239

The Minister of Education 240

Death in Office 241

Three Grades of Court 242

Election of the Supreme Court 243

Corrupt Verdicts 243

The Court of the People 244

The Tribal Courts 244

Our Scheme is only a Sketch 244

11. MARRIAGE AND RELATED TOPICS 246

The Younger Legislators 246

The Organization of Religious Festivals 249

Marriage: Choosing a Partner (1) 250

Changing the Laws 250

The Law of Marriage 251

Preamble to the Law of Marriage: Choosing a Partner (2) 251

Failure to Marry 253

Dowries 254

The Wedding-Feast 255

Correct Procreation (1) 255

The Life of the Newly-Weds 256

The Problem of Slavery 256

The Buildings of the State 259

Women must join the Communal Meals 261

Three Instinctive Drives: Food, Drink, Sex 263

Correct Procreation (2) 266

Adultery 268

Registration of Births and Deaths 268

Age Limits 269

12. EDUCATION 270

Written and Unwritten Rules 270

Education in the Womb 271

The Importance of Movement: the Evidence of Corybantic Ritual 273

How far should a Child be Humoured? 275

Unwritten Rules: a Reminder 277

Early Education 278

Ambidexterity 279

Physical Training (t) 281

The Dangers of Innovation in Education 282

Some Model Rules 287

The Regulation of Music 290

The Right Use of Leisure 291

Attendance at School 293

The Education of Females 293

How to Live a Life of Leisure 296

Further Duties of the Minister of Education 298

The Legislator's Instructions to the Minister of Education: the Curriculum 299

Literature 300

A Set Text: Selections from the Laws of Plato 302

Music 303

Physical Training (2) 304

Dancing 307

Comedy and Tragedy 309

Mathematics 311

Astronomy 315

Hunting: Written and Unwritten Rules again 317

13. SPORT AND MILITARY TRAINING 321

Arrangements for Festivals 321

Military Training 322

Obstacles to Correct Military Training 325

Races 328

Contests in Arms 329

Horse-Racing 330

Conclusion 330

14. PROBLEMS OF SEXUAL CONDUCT 332

The Problems Stated 332

Three Kinds of Friendship 334

How to Discourage Unnatural Sexual Intercourse 336

The Importance of Self-Control 338

Two Alternative Laws 340

15. AGRICULTURE, ECONOMICS AND TRADE 342

The Food Supply (1) 342

Agricultural Laws 343

Duties to Neighbours 344

The Water Supply (1) 345

The Harvest 346

The Water Supply (2) 347

Bringing in Crops 348

Artisans 349

Imports and Exports 350

The Food Supply (2) 350

Dwelling Houses 351

The Markets 352

Resident Aliens 354

16. CAPITAL OFFENCES 355

Preliminary Discussion 355

Robbery from Temples 356

Procedure in Capital Cases 359

Subversion 359

Treason 360

17. THE THEORY OF PUNISHMENT 361

Theft: Should all Thefts Attract the Same Punishment? 362

Philosophical Legislation Justified 362

A 'Terminological Inexactitude' 365

The Attack on the Distinction between 'Volun- tary' and 'Involuntary' 369

The New Distinction, and the Purpose of Punishment 371

A Fuller Account of Injustice 373

18. HOMICIDE LAW 376

Persons Unfit to Plead 376

Involuntary Homicide 377

Homicide in Anger 380

Voluntary Homicide 385

Suicide 391

Animals and Inanimate Objects as Killers 391

Murder by Persons Unknown 392

Justifiable Homicide 392

19. WOUNDINGS 394

Preliminaries 394

The Courts' Discretion 395

Voluntary Wounding, and a Digression on Adopting an Heir in Cases of Childlessness 397

Woundings Inflicted in Anger 400

Involuntary Woundings 401

20. ASSAULT 402

21. RELIGION 408

Three Sources of Impiety 410

The Case of the Opposition 411

Address to the Young Heretic 414

Nature and Chance versus Design 415

The Difficulties of Refuting Atheists 418

The Priority of Soul (1) 420

Ten Kinds of Motion 422

Soul Moves Itself 425

The Priority of Soul (2) 426

Soul Moves the Heavenly Bodies 428

How Soul Moves the Heavenly Bodies 430

Address to the Believer in the Indifference of the Gods 432

Proof that the Gods care for Mankind 433

The Justice of the Gods, and the Fate of the Soul 437

Transition to the Law of Impiety 442

Two Kinds of Offenders 444

The Punishment for Impiety 445

Private Shrines 446

22. THE LAW OF PROPERTY 449

Respect for Property 449

Removal of Buried Treasure 449

Removal of Property in General 450

The Treatment of Slaves and Freedmen 451

23. COMMERCIAL LAW 453

The Law of Sale and Exchange 453

Retail Trade 456

Contracts 460

Dealings with Craftsmen 460

Military 'Craftsmen' 461

24. FAMILY LAW 463

Making a Will 463

Testamentary and Inheritance Law 465

How to Mitigatc the Harshness of the Law 468

The Care of Orphans 469

Disinheritance 472

Senility 473

Divorce and Remarriage 474

Death of a Wife or Husband 474

Children of Mixed Status 475

Respect for Parents 475

25. MISCELLANEOUS LEGISLATION 479

Non-fatal Injuries by Drugs and Charms 479

The Purpose of Punishment 480

Lunacy 481

Abuse 482

The Censorship of Comedies 483

Beggars 484

Damage by Slaves 484

Further Rules of Legal Procedure 485

Unscrupulous Advocacy 486

Offences Committed by Members of Diplomatic Missions 487

Theft of Public Property 488

Military Service 489

Abandonment of Weapons 491

The Need for Scrutineers 493

The Election and Duties of the Scrutineers 494

The Funeral of a Scrutineer 496

Prosecutions of Serutincers 497

Oaths 497

Refusal to Contribute to Public Expenses 499

Relations with the Outside World 499

Foreign Travel 500

The Observers 501

Foreign Visitors 503

Sureties 505

Searching a House 505

Time Limits for Disputing Title 506

Prevention of Attendance at Court 506

Prevention of Participation in Contests 506

Receiving Stolen Goods 507

Harbouring an Exile 507

Waging Private War 507

Bribes 507

Taxation 508

Offerings to the Gods 508

The Three Grades of Court 509

The Minor Points of Legal Procedure, and the Importance of Legal Studies 509

The Execution of Judgement 511

Funeral Regulations 512

26. THE NOCTURNAL COUNCIL 515

How can the State be Preserved Intact? 517

Membership and Functions of the Council 518

The Unity and Plurality of Virtue 521

The Council's Duty to Teach 523

The Higher Education of the Council 524

The Importance of Theology 526

Recruitment of the Council, and its Course of Studies 528

Closing Remarks 529

DEPARTURES FROM THE BUDE TEXT 531

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHIES 533

LIST OF CRIMES 539

APPENDIX: PLATO'S LETTERS 545

INDEX OF NAMES 549

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