Chapter 1—THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL AND OF UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATION 1
1.01 The position before the Great War 1
1.02 Moral disapproval develops 3
1.03 Medical attitudes 5
1.04 Moves towards international control 5
1.05 Wartime control 1916-1920 5
1.06 The League of Nations and the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 6
1.07 The Rolleston Committee 7
1.08 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 9
1.09 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 10
1.10 Recommendations for change in the law 10
The first Brain Committee Report 10
1.11 The second Brain Committee Report 11
1.12 Amphetamine abuse 12
1.13 Changes in the law 1964 to 1967 13
1.14 The present scheme 13
Departmental control 13
1.15 The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 14
1.16 Imports and exports 14
1.17 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 14
1.18 International agencies 16
PART Ⅰ—THE DRUGS 21
Chapter 2—THE NATURE OF DRUG ADDICTION 21
2.01 Definitions 21
2.02 Psychological Dependence 21
2.03 Physical/physiological dependence 22
2.04 Tolerance 22
2.05 Cross-tolerance 22
2.06 Types of dependence 23
2.07 Diagnosis 23
2.08 Urine tests 24
2.09 Causes of drug dependence 27
2.10 Criminality and drug abuse 28
2.11 Pregnancy and drug abuse 30
2.12 Dangers of injection 30
2.13 Stereoisomerism 31
Chapter 3—DRUGS OF DEPENDENCE 32
3.01 Opiates 32
3.02 Effects of opiates 32
3.03 Physical dependence 33
3.04 Abstinence syndrome 33
3.05 Tolerance to opiates 34
3.06 Morphine 35
3.07 Heroin 35
3.08 Methadone 36
3.09 Pethidine 36
3.10 Dipipanone and dextromoramide 36
3.11 Codeine 37
3.12 Opiate antagonists 37
3.13 Pentazocine 38
3.14 Buprenophine 38
3.15 Cocaine 38
3.16 Effects of cocaine 38
3.17 Cocaine psychosis 39
3.18 Route of administration 39
3.19 Amphetamine 39
3.20 Effects of amphetamine 40
3.21 Tolerance to amphetamine 41
3.22 Khat 41
3.23 LSD 42
3.24 Effects of LSD 43
3.25 Tolerance to LSD 43
3.26 Phencyclidine 44
3.27 Cannabis 44
3.28 Effects of cannabis 46
3.29 Tolerance to cannabis 46
3.30 Adverse effects 47
3.31 Sedative-hypnotics (barbiturates) 47
3.32 Tolerance to barbiturates 48
3.33 Abstinence syndrome 49
3.34 Chronic intoxication 49
3.35 Types of sedative-hypnotics 50
3.36 Benzodiazepines 51
3.37 Amnesia 51
3.38 Solvent misuse 52
3.39 Polydrug abuse 53
Chapter 4—TREATMENT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE 55
4.01 Introduction 55
4.02 Drug withdrawal 55
4.03 Rehabilitation 55
4.04 Maintenance 56
4.05 Treatment 57
Treatment services 57
4.06 Rehabilitation services 59
4.07 Psychotherapy 60
4.08 Treatment of opiate dependence 60
4.09 Treatment of barbiturate dependence 61
4.10 Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence 62
4.11 Treatment of LSD abuse 62
4.12 Treatment of cannabis dependence 62
4.13 Treatment of amphetamine dependence 62
4.14 Treatment of cocaine dependence 62
4.15 Treatment of solvent misuse 63
PART Ⅱ—CUSTOMS AND EXCISE ACTS 67
Chapter 5—OFFENCES RELATING TO IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED DRUGS 67
5.01 The prohibitions 67
5.02 The offences 67
5.03 Postal packets 68
5.04 Knowledge 68
5.05 Evidence of knowledge 71
5.06 Definitions 71
Fraudulent evasion-intent to defraud 71
5.07 Possession 72
5.08 Time of importation and exportation 72
5.09 Meaning of "importation" 73
5.10 Meaning of"exportation" 73
5.11 Concerned in 73
5.12 Evasion or attempt at evasion 74
5.13 Acts done abroad 76
5.14 Conspiracies made abroad 77
5.15 Attempt 79
5.16 Defence of duress 81
Chapter 6—EVIDENTIAL AND PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS 82
6.01 Evidence 82
Proof of certain matters 82
6.02 Burden of proof on defendant 82
6.03 Proof of documents 84
6.04 Offences by bodies corporate 84
6.05 Procedure 85
Institution of proceedings and place of trial 85
6.06 Limitation of time 85
6.07 Magistrates may not change mode of trial 86
6.08 Prosecution's right of appeal 86
6.09 Procedural and evidential provisions of Customs and Excise Acts apply 86
6.10 Evidence of value 86
6.11 Witness statements made outside the United Kingdom 87
6.12 Commissions rogatoires and the Naples Convention 87
6.13 Foreign documents—copies 88
6.14 Some cases on evidence 89
Chapter 7—POWERS OF DETENTION AND SEARCH 91
7.01 Detention of persons 91
7.02 Powers of search 91
Power to examine goods 91
7.03 Power to search premises 92
7.04 Power to search vehicles and vessels 92
7.05 Power to search persons 92
7.06 Obstruction of officers 93
Chapter 8—PENALTIES AND FORFEITURE 94
8.01 Penalties 94
8.02 Market value 94
8.03 Drugs intended for use in a foreign country 95
8.04 Guidelines on sentence 95
8.05 Forfeiture 96
Forfeiture of prohibited goods 96
8.06 Forfeiture of ships, vehicles etc. 96
8.07 Forfeiture proceedings 97
8.08 Forfeiture of money 97
8.09 Protection of officers 98
8.10 Mitigation of penalties 98
8.11 Extradition 98
PART Ⅲ—MISUSE OF DRUGS ACT AND REGULATIONS 101
Chapter 9—CONTROLLED DRUGS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION 101
9.01 Definition and classification 101
9.02 Not necessary to prove exact nature or form of drug 101
9.03 Naturally occurring material 103
9.04 Expert evidence 104
9.05 Admission of nature of drugs by defendant 105
9.06 Chain of evidence 106
9.07 Controlled drugs excepted from prohibition 106
Chapter 10—PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 107
10.01 The prohibition 107
10.02 Definitions 107
The meaning of "produce" 107
10.03 The meaning of "supply" 107
10.04 Offer to supply 109
10.05 Meaning of "concerned in" 109
10.06 Restriction on cultivation of cannabis 110
10.07 Supply and manslaughter 110
10.08 Conspiracy to produce 112
Chapter 11—POSSESSION AND POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO SUPPLY 114
11.01 The prohibition 114
11.02 Special defence 114
11.03 Definitions 114
The meaning of"possession" 114
11.04 Knowledge of presence of substance 116
11.05 "Useable quantity"—de minimis 117
11.06 Evidence of prior possession 119
11.07 Joint possession—common pool 121
11.08 Intent to supply 121
11.09 Evidence of intent to supply 122
11.10 Proof of value 124
Chapter 12—SPECIAL OFFENCES RELATING TO THE USE OF OPIUM 126
Chapter 13—OFFENCES OF OCCUPIERS OF PREMISES 127
13.01 The prohibition 127
13.02 Definitions 127
The meaning of "occupier" 127
13.03 Meaning of"concerned in the management" 128
13.04 Meaning of"knowingly permits" 130
13.05 Meaning of "premises" 131
Chapter 14—KNOWLEDGE—THE STATUTORY DEFENCE 133
14.01 Proof of lack of knowledge 133
14.02 The burden of proof on the defendant 133
14.03 Drunkenness 134
14.04 Negative averments 135
Chapter 15—SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO OFFENCES 136
15.01 Attempting and inciting commission of offences 136
15.02 Assisting and inducing offences outside the United Kingdom 136
15.03 Offences by corporations 137
15.04 Limitation on time of trial at a magistrates' court 138
15.05 Mode of trial 138
Chapter 16—POWERS OF SEARCH AND ARREST 139
16.01 Powers of search 139
Power to inspect books etc. of producers and suppliers 139
16.02 O bstruction 139
16.03 Power to search persons and vehicles 139
16.04 Power to search premises 141
16.05 Evidence obtained by illegal search 141
16.06 Powers of arrest 141
16.07 Arrestable offences 142
16.08 Treatment, searches etc. of detained persons 142
Chapter 17—PENALTIES 144
17.01 Punishment 144
17.02 Contravention of Regulations and licences and false statements 144
17.03 Guidelines on sentence 144
17.04 Forfeiture 146
17.05 Forfeiture of money—bank balances etc. 147
17.06 Notices etc. to be served by post 147
Chapter 18—POWER TO MAKE REGULATIONS 149
Chapter 19—AUTHORITY TO ADMINISTER, PRESCRIBE, SUPPLY OR POSSESS DRUGS 150
19.01 General authority to possess drugs 150
19.02 Administration and supply etc. of drugs specified in Schedules 150
19.03 Lawful possession of drugs listed in Schedules 2 and 3 151
19.04 Permission to cultivate and smoke cannabis 152
Chapter 20—REQUIREMENTS AS TO DOCUMENTATION AND RECORD-KEEPING 153
20.01 Documents 153
Documents to be obtained by supplier 153
20.02 Form of prescriptions 153
20.03 Supply on prescription 153
20.04 Registers 154
20.05 Records of Schedule 1 drugs 154
20.06 Destruction of drugs 154
20.07 Supply on prescription under Medicines Act 1968 154
20.08 Supply by retail of poisons 155
Chapter 21—SAFE CUSTODY OF DRUGS 156
Chapter 22—NOTIFICATION OF AND SUPPLY TO ADDICTS 157
22.01 Relevant drugs 157
22.02 Definition of addict 157
22.03 Notification to Home Office 157
22.04 Administration of heroin, cocaine and dipipanone 157
Chapter 23—POWERS OF CONTROL OVER PRACTITIONERS AND PHARMACISTS 158
23.01 Prohibition of prescribing after conviction 158
23.02 Directions 158
Directions to doctors treating addicts and to irresponsible practitioners 158
23.03 Investigation of grounds for a direction 158
23.04 Temporary directions 159
23.05 Social problems in any area 160
Chapter 24—EXTRADITION 161
24.01 Drug offences extraditable 161
24.02 Conspiracy extraditable 161
Chapter 25—THE INTOXICATING SUBSTANCES (SUPPLY) ACT 1985 162
25.01 Offences of supplying intoxicating substances 162
25.02 Special defence 162
25.03 Penalties and mode of trial 162
Chapter 26—DRAFTING THE CHARGE 163
26.01 General 163
Indictments 163
26.02 Informations 163
26.03 Duplicity 163
26.04 Alternatives 164
26.05 Separate quantities 164
26.06 Section 170(2) Customs and Excise Management Act 165
26.07 Conspiracies 165
26.08 Exceptions, exemptions and excuses 166
26.09 Model indictments 166
26.10 Model informations 169
APPENDICES 170
Ⅰ Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 170
Ⅱ Post Office Act 1953 and Postal Packets (Customs and Excise) Regulations 1975 207
Ⅲ Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 213
Ⅳ Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1973 249
Ⅴ Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 1973 272
Ⅵ Misuse of Drugs (Notification of and Supply to Addicts) Regulations 1973 281
Ⅶ Misuse of Drugs (Designation) Order 1977 284
Ⅷ Misuse of Drugs Tribunal (England and Wales) Rules 1974 286
Ⅸ Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 294
Ⅹ Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985 346
Ⅺ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 347
Ⅻ Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 364
ⅩⅢ Naples Convention on Providing Material Assistance to Customs Authorities 1967 381
ⅩⅣ Directory of services 386
1. Self-help groups, advisory services etc.—London 386
2. Drug dependency units—London 387
3. Crisis intervention—London 388
4. Residential rehabilitation houses—London 389
5. Supportive accommodation—London 389
6. Regional directory 390
7. National organisations 399
8. Private clinics and hospitals 399
ⅩⅤ Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1985 400
Index 401