1 INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction to Theory 1
What Is Good Theory? 3
Kinds of Theory 6
Social Context and Theory 10
Summary 11
Suggested Reading 12
Bibliography 12
2 THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL 14
Introduction 14
The Heritage of the School 15
The Perspective of the School 17
Classification of the School 20
Summary 21
Epilogue: Current Directions And Policy Implications 22
Bibliography 24
3 THE POSITIVE SCHOOL 29
Introduction 29
The Heritage of the School 30
The Perspective of the School 31
Classification of the School 37
Summary 38
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 39
Bibliography 43
4 THE CHICAGO SCHOOL 50
Introduction 50
The Heritage of the School 51
The Perspective of the School 53
Classification of the School 58
Summary 60
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 60
Bibliography 63
5 DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY 70
Introduction 70
The Heritage of the Theory 71
The Theoretical Perspective 74
Differential Association 74
Differential Social Organization 75
The Final Version of the Theory 75
Classification of the Theory 77
Summary 78
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 79
Bibliography 81
6 ANOMIE THEORY 87
Introduction 87
The Heritage of the Theory 89
The Theoretical Perspective 90
Classification of the Theory 93
Summary 94
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 96
Bibliography 99
7 SUBCULTURE THEORIES 105
Introduction 105
The Heritage of the Theories 106
Cohen’s Subculture of Delinquency 107
Cloward And Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory 111
Other Subculture Theories 115
Summary 118
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 119
Bibliography 122
8 LABELING THEORY 130
Introduction 130
The Heritage of the Theory 131
The Theoretical Perspective 133
Classification of the Theory 140
Summary 141
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 142
Bibliography 147
9 CONFLICT THEORY 155
Introduction 155
The Heritage of the Theory 156
The Theoretical Perspective 157
Classification of the Theory 168
Summary 169
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 170
Bibliography 172
10 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY 181
Introduction 181
The Heritage of the Theory 182
The Theoretical Perspective 184
Classification of the Theory 190
Summary 191
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 192
Bibliography 194
11 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 202
Introduction 202
The Heritage of the Theory 203
The Theoretical Perspective 204
Classification of the Theory 209
Summary 210
Epilogue: Current Directions and Policy Implications 211
Bibliography 213
12 RATIONAL, GENERAL, AND GENDER THEORIES 219
Introduction 219
The Heritage of the Theory 219
Rational Theories 221
General Theory of Crime 226
Gender Perspectives on Crime and Delinquency 230
Bibliography 241
13 THE FUTURE OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY 253
Introduction 253
The Heritage of Contemporary Theory 253
The New Era of Theory Production 257
The Integration of Theory 257
Subjective Theories 262
Metatheory 264
Conclusions 265
Bibliography 267
INDEX 271