THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VOLUME 2PDF电子书下载

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1. Human Rights:As a Legal Reality&Karel Vasak 3

1. First Requirement:A De Jure State 4

2. Second Requirement:A Specific Legal Framework 6

3. Third Requirement:Effective Guarantees 8

2. Historical Foundations of Human Rights and Subsequent Developments&Imre Szabo 11

1. Human Rights in General 11

2. The Emergence of Human Rights at the International Level 20

3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 23

4. The International Covenants on Human Rights 28

5. The Implementation of Human Rights 34

PART I: PRINCIPLES AND NORMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 43

3. Distinguishing Criteria of Human Rights&Theodoor C.van Boven 43

1. Fundamental Human Rights--Other Human Rights 43

2. Civil and Political Rights;Economic,Social and Cultural Rights 48

3. Individual Rights;Collective Rights 53

4. Fundamental Principles of Human Rights:Self-Determination,Equality and Non-Discrimination&Karl Josef Partsch 61

1. Self-Determination 62

2. Equality 68

3. Non-Discrimination 72

5. Survey of the Positive International Law of Human Rights&Theodoor C.van Boven 87

Introduction:Diversity of Sources 87

1. General Instruments 89

2. Specific Instruments 92

3. Customary Law and General Principles of Law 105

4. Decisions of International Organs 107

5. Doctrine 110

6. Economic,Social and Cultural Rights&Vladimir Kartashkin 111

1. The Right to Work 115

2. The Right of Everyone to Just and Favourable Conditions of Work 116

3. Trade Union Rights 118

4. The Right of Everyone to Social Security,Including Social Insurance 120

5. The Right to Protection of and Assistance to the Family,Mothers and Children 121

6. The Right to an Adequate Standard of Living 122

7. The Right of Everyone to the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health 124

8. The Right of Everyone to Education 125

9. Cultural Rights 127

10. Equality in the Enjoyment of Economic,Social and Cultural Rights 130

7. Civil and Political Rights 135

1. Problems in the Application and Interpretation of Civil and Political Rights by Frank C.Newman 135

2. Analytical Examination of Civil and Political Rights by Karel Vasak 142

Conclusions by Frank C.Newman 160

8. Principles and Norms of Human Rights Applicable in Emergency Situations:Underdevelopment,Catastrophes and Armed Conflicts&Stephen P.Marks 175

1. Emergency Arising from Economic and Social Conditions as a Whole 176

2. Emergency Arising from Force Majeure:Natural Catastrophes 186

3. Emergency Arising from the Existence of Internal Disturbances and Armed Conflicts 190

4. Comparison Between the Different Types of Conflict Situations in Terms of the Applicable Norms and the Notion of Jus Cogens 200

PART Ⅱ: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 215

9. The Distinguishing Criteria of Institutions&Karel Vasak 215

1. The Task of Human Rights Institutions 215

2. The Functions Carried Out by Human Rights Institutions 218

3. The Scope of Activity of Human Rights Institutions 221

4. The Techniques Used by Institutions for the Protection of Human Rights 222

5. The Legal Nature of the Institution 226

SUB-PART Ⅰ: UNIVERSAL INSTITUTIONS 231

10. The Principal Institutions and Other Bodies Founded Under the Charter&Egon Schwelb and Philip Alston 231

1. The Principal Organs of the United Nations and the Subsidiary Organs Active in Human Rights Matters Established Under the Charter 232

2. Procedures Used and Action Taken by United Nations Organs in Human Rights Matters 269

11. United Nations Institutions and Procedures Founded on Conventions on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms&Kamleshwar Das 303

General Introduction 303

(a). The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 307

(b). International Covenants on Human Rights and Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 330

(c). Other Conventions on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 348

12. The International Labour Organisation (ILO)&Nicolas Valticos 363

Introduction:The Place of Human Rights in the Constitution and the Various Instruments of the ILO and the Legal Framework for their Protection 363

(a). Supervisory Machinery Applicable to All the Conventions and Recommendations 368

(b). Special Machinery for the Protection of Freedom of Association 381

(c). Special Inquiries and Studies 387

(d). Education and Training Measures 390

(e). Technical Co-operation and the World Employment Programme 390

13. Unesco and Human Rights&Hanna Saba 401

1. Unesco's Normative Activities in the Field of Human Rights 402

2. Implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 403

3. The Implementation of the Convention Against Discrimination in Education 410

4. Procedures Established by the Executive Board or the General Conference 416

14. The Implementation of Humanitarian Law&Christian Dominicé 427

1. The System of Supervision Instituted by the Geneva Conventions 427

2. The Protecting Powers and Their Substitute 429

3. The Delegations of the International Committee of the Red Cross 439

4. Recent Developments and Appraisal 443

SUB-PART Ⅱ:REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 451

15. Introduction&Karel Vasak 451

1. The United Nations and Regional Human Rights Institutions 451

2. Regional Human Rights Institutions--The Present Position 453

3. Human Rights and Regional Integration 454

16. The Council of Europe&Karel Vasak 457

1. The European Convention on Human Rights 458

2. The European Social Charter 536

17. The Organization of American States (OAS)&Héctor Gros Espiell 543

1. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 548

2. The American Convention on Human Rights 555

3. The Inter-American Commission on Women 566

4. The Inter-American Children's Institute 567

18. The League of Arab States&B.Boutros-Ghali 575

Introduction:Establishment of the League and Its Relations with the United Nations 575

1. The Regional Arab Commission on Human Rights 576

2. The Draft Declaration for an Arab Charter of Human Rights 579

3. Other Relevant Activities 579

19. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) 583

1. Human Rights in Africa by Kéba M'Baye 583

2. The Place of Human Rights in the Charter of the Organization of African Unity by Birame Ndiaye 601

3. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 616

20. The Socialist Countries and Human Rights&Vladimir Kartashkin 631

1. The Socialist Concept of Human Rights 631

2. Co-operation Among Socialist Countries in the Field of Human Rights 644

21. Asia and Human Rights&Hiroko Yamane 651

1. Evolution of the Approach to Human Rights Problems 653

2. Various Views and Types of Action for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Asia:Old and New 661

3. Possibilities of Regional Co-operation for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Asia 663

22. Toward a Specific International Human Rights Law&Karel Vasak 671

Annex Ⅰ. Chart of Ratification,back pocket 684

Annex Ⅱ. Figures 684

1. Comparative Schema of the Implementation Machinery of the European Convention and the American Convention on Human Rights 684

2. Schema of the Implementation Machinery of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 685

3. Comparative Schema of the Implementation Machinery of the European Social Charter and the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights 686

Annex Ⅲ. Selected Bibliography on International Human Rights Law 687

Index of International Instruments 739

General Index 743

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