INTERPRETING CONVENTION RIGJTSPDF电子书下载

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Chapter 1 The Right to Life 1

Introduction 1

The Commonwealth Case Law 2

1. Interpretations of the right 2

Summary 2

Extracts from decisions 2

Vishaka v State of Rajasthan 2

Apparel Export Promotion Council v Chopra 3

Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corpn; Kuppusami v State of Maharashtra 4

Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v Union of India 5

2. Abortion 6

Summary 6

Extract from decision 7

Christian Lawyers Association of South Africa v Minister of Health 7

3. Suicide and euthanasia 9

Summary 9

Extracts from decisions 9

Gian Kaur (Smt) v State of Punjab 9

Rodriguez v A-G of Canada 11

4. Extradition 13

Summary 13

Extract from decision 14

Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice) 14

5. Medical treatment 16

Summary 16

Extract from decision 16

Soobramoney v Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal 16

6. Remedies for breach 18

Summary 18

Chapter 2 The Right to be Free of Ill-Treatment 19

Introduction 19

The Commonwealth Case Law 20

1. The death penalty and life sentences 20

Summary 20

Extracts from decisions 20

Mbushuu v Republic 20

State v Makwanyane 21

State v Tcoeib 25

2. Delays in execution 27

Summary 27

Extracts from decisions 27

Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe v A-G 27

Pratt v A-G for Jamaica 29

3. Mandatory sentences 31

Summary 31

Extracts from decisions 32

Smith v R 32

Arab v State 35

State v Vries 36

State v Likuwa 38

4. Detention 40

Summary 40

Extracts from decisions 40

Basu v State of West Bengal; Ashok K Johri v State of Uttar Pradesh 40

Blanchard v Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 43

Banda v Gunaratne 45

Osifelo v R 46

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v Israel 47

5. Corporal punishment 48

Summary 48

Extracts from decisions 49

Ex p A-G of Namibia, Re Corporal Punishment by Organs of State 49

Ncube v State 50

A Juvenile v State 51

State v Williams 52

R v Rose 53

6. Extradition 54

Summary 54

7. Other forms of ill-treatment 55

Summary 55

Extracts from decisions 55

Chinamora v Angwa Furnishers (Private) Ltd 55

D v K 56

Chapter 3 The Right to Liberty 58

Introduction 58

The Commonwealth Case Law 58

1. Meaning of 'prescribed by law' 59

Summary 59

Extract from decision 59

Canadian Pacific Ltd v R (A-G intervening) 59

2. What constitutes 'arrest' or 'detention' 64

Summary 64

Extracts from decisions 64

R v Edwards 64

Cheow v Menteri Dalam Negeri 65

Ferreira v Levin NO; Vryenboek v Powell NO 66

Ex p Lee Kwok-hung 69

3. Summary imprisonment for recalcitrant witnesses 70

Summary 70

Extracts from decisions 70

Nel v Le Roux NO 70

De Lange v Smuts NO 72

4. Right to bail 77

Summary 77

Extracts from decisions 77

Bull v Minister of Home Affairs 77

Ngui v Republic of Kenya 78

DPP v Pete 79

5. Executive detention 81

Summary 81

Extracts from decisions 81

Bull v A-G of Zimbabwe 81

Austin v Chairman of the Detainees' Review Tribunal 81

Minister of Home Affairs v Austin 82

Chng Suan Tze v Minister of Home Affairs 83

State of Punjab v Sukhpal Singh 86

6. Imprisonment of debtors 89

Summary 89

Extract from decision 89

Coetzee v Government of the Republic of South Africa; Matiso v Commanding Officer, Port Elizabeth Prison 89

7. Right to counsel 91

Summary 91

Extract from decision 91

R v Smith 91

Chapter 4 Fair Trial Rights 93

Introduction 93

The Commonwealth Case Law 93

1. Abuse of process 93

Summary 93

Extract from decision 94

Comr of Police v Triana 94

2. Access to courts 94

Summary 94

Extracts from decisions 95

Charan Lal Sahu v Union of India 95

Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO) v President of the Republic of South Africa 97

Re President's Reference of the Constitution of Vanuatu and the Broadcasting and Television Bill 1992; the Business Licence (Amendment) Bill 1992; and the Land Acquisition Bill 1992; President v A-G 99

Akonaay v A-G of Tanzania 100

Mwellie v Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication 101

Mohlomi v Minister of Defence 102

Bahamas Entertainment Ltd v Koll 104

Pumbun v A-G 105

3. Meaning of 'charge' 106

Summary 106

Extracts from decisions 106

Wigglesworth v R (A-G of Canada intervening) 106

Nel v Le Roux NO 108

4. Trial within a reasonable time 109

Summary 109

Extracts from decisions 109

Bell v DPP 109

Corbett v State 111

Mungroo v R 112

Re Mlambo 113

Republic of Kiribati v Teoiaki 115

Martin v Tauranga District Court 116

Collins v R; Pelfrey v R 117

R v B; R v Parkes 118

State v Heidenreich 119

Sookermany v DPP 121

DPP v Tokai 122

R v MacDougall 123

5. Presumption of innocence 127

Summary 127

Extracts from decisions 128

R v Oakes 128

Chaulk v R 129

R v Sin Yau-ming 131

Seaboyer v R (A-G of Canada intervening); Gayme v Same 132

A-G of Hong Kong v Lee Kwong-kut; A-G of Hong Kong v Lo Chak-man 134

Vasquez v R; O'Neil v R 135

R v Osolin (A-G of Canada intervening) 136

Freiremar SA v Prosecutor-General of Namibia 139

R v Daviault 139

State v Zuma 141

State v Van den Berg 141

State v Bhulwana; State v Gwadiso 142

State v Mbatha; State v Prinsloo 144

State v Chogugudza 145

Scagell v A-G 146

State v Mello 148

Sabapathee v State 149

Osman v A-G (Transvaal) 150

6. Privilege against self-incrimination 152

Summary 152

Extracts from decisions 152

Ferreira v Levin NO; Vryenboek v Powell NO 152

Parbhoo v Getz NO 153

Poli v Minister of Finance and Economic Development 153

Bethel v Douglas 154

7. Right to silence 155

Summary 155

Extract from decision 155

R v Noble 155

8. Right to counsel 158

Summary 158

Extracts from decisions 158

Clarkson v R 158

Ntukidem v Oko 159

Dietrich v R 160

R v Mallinson 162

R v Narayan 163

Dunkley v R 165

Balasundaram v Public Prosecutor 166

Robertson v R 167

Ricketts v R 168

Ceasar v State 169

Mitchell v R 170

9. Access to information 172

Summary 172

Extracts from decisions 173

Shabalala v A-G of the Transvaal 173

State v Scholtz 174

Molapo v DPP 176

Republic v Georges 176

Qozeleni v Minister of Law and Order 179

United States of America v Dynar 179

10. Right to jury trial 181

Summary 181

Extracts from decisions 181

Comr of Police v Davis 181

Kingswell v R 182

11. Natural justice 183

Summary 183

Extracts from decisions 183

Garba v University of Maiduguri 183

Ramchurn v Lamour 184

Federal Civil Service Commission v Laoye 185

Comr of Police v Woods 187

Re President's Reference of the Constitution of Vanuatu and the Broadcasting and Television Bill 1992; the Business Licence (Amendment) Bill 1992; and the Land Acquisition Bill 1992; President v A-G 189

Abiola v Federation of the Republic of Nigeria 190

Holland v Minister of the Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare 190

12. Juror challenges 191

Summary 191

Extract from decision 191

R v Cruz 191

13. Parliamentary proceedings 192

Summary 192

Extracts from decisions 192

Mutasa v Makombe 192

Rao v State of India 194

Syvret v Bailhache 197

Sabaroche v Speaker of the House of Assembly 200

14. Criminal appeals 201

Summary 201

Extracts from decisions 202

State v Ntuli 202

State v Rens 204

Joseph v State 205

15. Admissibility of evidence 206

Summary 206

Extracts from decisions 206

Marsh v A-G 206

R v L (D O) (A-G of Canada intervening) 207

R v Cheung Ka Fai 209

Wijesinha v R 210

State v Motloutsi 212

Klink v Regional Court Magistrate NO 214

R v Feeney 216

R v Belnavis 219

Cook v R 222

16. Adverse publicity 224

Summary 224

Extracts from decisions 224

John v DPP 224

Boodram (also called Dole Chadee) v A-G 226

Banana v A-G 227

17. War crimes 229

Summary 229

Extract from decision 229

R v Finta 229

18. Retroactive criminal laws 235

Summary 235

Extracts from decisions 235

R v Ali 235

Comr of Police v Woods 237

Public Prosecutor v Manogaran s/o R Ramu 239

19. Other decisions 241

Summary 241

Extracts from decisions 242

R v Rose (A-G of Canada intervening) 242

Browne v R 245

Duval v District Magistrate of Flacq 246

Chapter 5 The Right to Privacy 248

Introduction 248

The Commonwealth Case Law 248

1. Search and seizure 248

Summary 248

Extracts from decisions 249

Park-Ross v Director of Office for Serious Economic Offences 249

R v Grayson 250

Television New Zealand Ltd v Police 253

Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa 255

2. Tape-recording/surveillance 257

Summary 257

Extracts from decisions 258

R v Fraser 258

People's Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India 259

3. Adult material 263

Summary 263

Extract from decision 263

Wong v R 263

4. Publication of photographs taken in a public place 263

Summary 263

Extract from decision 263

Aubry v Duclos 263

5. Other decisions 266

Summary 266

Extracts from decisions 266

Ex p Lee Kwok-hung 266

Bernstein v Bester NO 267

Rajagopal v State of Tamil Nadu 268

D v K 269

Godbout v City of Longueuil 271

P v D 274

Television New Zealand Ltd v R 275

Chapter 6 The Right to Marry, and to Family Life 278

Introduction 278

The Commonwealth Case Law 278

1. Family generally 278

Summary 278

Extracts from decisions 279

Rattigan v Chief Immigration Officer 279

Salem v Chief Immigration Officer 280

B v Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto (A-G of Canada intervening) 281

A-G for Ontario v M (Foundation for Equal Families intervening) 284

Fraser v Children's Court, Pretoria North 291

2. Recognition of homosexual marriages 292

Summary 292

Extract from decision 292

Quilter v A-G 292

3. Forced sterilisation of minors 298

Summary 298

Extract from decision 298

Re X , Parents of X v Auckland Area Health Board 298

4. Residence/citizenship/immigration 300

Summary 300

Extracts from decisions 300

Re Wood 300

Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission intervening) 301

5. Parens patriae jurisdiction over unborn child 303

Summary 303

Extract from decision 303

Winnipeg Child and Family Services (Northwest Area) v G 303

6. Rights of the father over the unborn child 305

Summary 305

Extract from decision 305

Daigle v Tremblay (A-G of Canada intervening) 305

Chapter 7 Freedom of Conscience and Religion 307

Introduction 307

The Commonwealth Case Law 308

1. Rastafarianism 308

Summary 308

Extract from decision 308

Re Chikweche 308

2. Jehovah's Witnesses 309

Summary 309

Extract from decision 310

Chan Hiang Leng Colin v Minister for Information 310

3. Conscientious objection 311

Summary 311

Extract from decision 311

Attride-Stirling v A-G 311

4. Education 312

Summary 312

Extracts from decisions 312

Jones v R 312

Sumayyah Mohammed v Moraine 313

5. Refusal of medical treatment for children 316

Summary 316

6. Customary law 316

Summary 316

Extract from decision 316

Agbai v Okogbue 316

7. Death penalty 318

Summary 318

Extract from decision 318

Che Omar bin Che Soh v Public Prosecutor; Wan Jalil bin Wan Abdul Rahman v Public Prosecutor 318

Chapter 8 Freedom of Expression 320

Introduction 320

The Commonwealth Case Law 320

1. Political speech 321

Summary 321

Extracts from decisions 321

Re Munhumeso 321

United Parties v Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 323

2. Civil servants 324

Summary 324

Extract from decision 324

de Freitas v Permanent Secretary of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing 324

3. The press 327

Summary 327

Extracts from decisions 327

A-G for the United Kingdom v South China Morning Post Ltd 327

Police v O'Connor 328

4. Defamation 331

Summary 331

Extracts from decisions 331

Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd 331

Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Ltd 335

Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corpn ('Lange No 1') 337

Lange v Atkinson ('Lange No 2') 340

Cheung Ng Sheong v Eastweek Publisher Ltd 342

Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto 344

Lucas v R 348

M'membe v People 351

Sata v Post Newspapers Ltd (No 2) 353

5. Judicial proceedings 356

Summary 356

Extracts from decisions 357

Public Prosecutor v Pung Chen Choon 357

Gisborne Herald Co Ltd v Solicitor-General 359

Solicitor-General v Radio New Zealand 360

Canadian Broadcasting Corpn v A-G for New Brunswick 362

6. Hate speech 364

Summary 364

Extracts from decisions 364

R v Keegstra (A-G of Canada intervening) 364

Taylor v Canadian Human Rights Commission (A-G for Ontario intervening) 367

Kauesa v Minister of Home Affairs 370

State v Smith 370

7. Prisoners' correspondence 372

Summary 372

Extracts from decisions 372

Woods v Minister of justice 372

Chim Shing Chung v Comr of Correctional Services 373

8. Other decisions 374

Summary 374

Extracts from decisions 375

Gallagher v Durack 375

Hinch v A-G for the State of Victoria 377

Davis v Commonwealth of Australia 378

T ＆ T Newspaper Publishing Group v Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago 379

Richards v A-G of St Vincent and the Grenadines 380

Osborne v Canada 382

Reference re Sections 193 and 195.1(l)(c) of the Criminal Code (Manitoba) 384

Supreme Court Reference (No 3 of 1993); Re the Internal Security Act 1993 387

Government of RSA v Sunday Times Newspaper 388

Mulundika v People 390

Wickramasinghe v Jayasinghe 391

Retrofit (Pvt) Ltd v Minister of Information 392

TS Masiyiwa Holdings (Pvt) Ltd v Minister of Information 394

Ming Pao Newspapers v A-G of Hong Kong 396

Levy v State of Victoria 397

Karunathilaka v Comr of Elections 399

Libman v A-G of Quebec 400

Chakufwa Tom Chihana v Republic of Malawi 402

Mutasa v Makombe 403

Ahnee v DPP 405

Re Supreme Court Special Determinations Nos 6 and 7 of 1998 406

Republic v Tommy Thompson Books Ltd 407

National Media Ltd v Bogoshi 411

Chapter 9 Freedom of Assembly and Association 413

Introduction 413

The Commonwealth Case Law 414

1. Trade unions 414

Summary 414

Extracts from decisions 414

A-G v Alli 414

Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada v Comr of the Northwest Territories (A-G of Canada intervening) 417

2. Other decisions 418

Summary 418

Extracts from decisions 419

B v M 419

New Patriotic Party v A-G 420

Chapter 10 Freedom from Discrimination 422

Introduction 422

The Commonwealth Case Law 423

1. General approach to discrimination 423

Summary 423

Extract from decision 423

Harksen v Lane NO 423

2. Existence of analogous grounds 424

Summary 424

Extract from decision 425

Larbi-Odam v Council for Education 425

3. Sex/gender 426

Summary 426

Extracts from decisions 426

Ephrahim v Pastory 426

Magaya v Magaya 428

Dow v A-G 430

Nawakwi v A-G of Zambia 430

Longwe v Intercontinental Hotels 432

4. Sexual orientation 433

Summary 433

Extracts from decisions 433

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of justice 433

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs 440

Banana v State 442

Vriend v Alberta 444

5. Other decisions 447

Summary 447

Extracts from decisions 448

Rodriguez v A-G of Canada 448

Ryland v Edros 451

X v Y Corp 452

X v Commonwealth of Australia 454

Chapter 11 The Right to Property 458

Introduction 458

The Commonwealth Case Law 458

1. The meaning of property, and when property deprivation is unlawful 459

Summary 459

Extracts from decisions 460

A-G v Lawrence 460

Societe United Docks v Government of Mauritius; Marine Workers Union v Mauritius Marine Authority 460

Morgan v A-G 461

Bahadur v A-G 462

King v A-G of Barbados 462

Barnwell v A-G 463

Transkei PSA v Government of South Africa 465

Sumayyah Mohammed v Moraine 466

Chairman of the Public Service Commission v Zimbabwe Teachers Association 468

Davies v Minister of Land, Agriculture and Water Development 470

Alleyne-Forte v A-G 471

Harksen v Lane NO 473

Grape Bay Ltd v A-G 473

Harel Freres Ltd v Minister of Housing, Lands and Town and Country Planning 476

Bahamas Entertainment v Koll 477

Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth of Australia 478

J Astaphan ＆ Co (1970) Ltd v Comptroller of Customs 483

2. Compensation 484

Summary 484

Extracts from decisions 485

May v Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe 485

Blomquist v A-G Dominica 486

Comr of Taxes v CW (Pvt) Ltd 487

3. Confiscation orders 489

Summary 489

Chapter 12 Remedies 490

Introduction and Summary 490

Extracts from decisions 491

Ramlogan v Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of San Fernando 491

Makomberedze v Minister of State (Security) 492

Nilabati Behera v Orissa 493

Simpson v A-G (Baigent's case) 494

Fose v Minister of Safety and Security 495

State v Mbatha 497

Ferreira v Levin NO 498

Coetzee v Government of the Republic of South Africa; Matiso v Commanding Officer, Port Elizabeth Prison 498

Jorsingh v A-G 500

Appendices 503

Appendix 1 The Convention Rights (part) 503

Appendix 2 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (part) 508

Appendix 3 Constitution of India Part III: Fundamental Rights 513

Appendix 4 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 522

Appendix 5 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1993 Chapter 3: Fundamental Rights 528

Appendix 6 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 Chapter 2: Bill of Rights 536

Appendix 7 Constitution of Zimbabwe Chapter III: The Declaration of Rights 547

Index 563

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