THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND BEYOND LEGAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE CHANGEPDF电子书下载

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Introduction&Wybe Th. DOUMA， Leonardo MASSAI and Massimiliano MONTINI 1

The International Climate Regime： where do we stand？&Feng GAO 5

PART Ⅰ： THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS 11

Legal challenges in European climate policy&Leonardo MASSAI 13

1. Introduction 13

2. The European Climate Change Programme 14

3. European Allowance Trading Directive 18

4. The EU position on the future climate policy 23

5. Conclusions 25

The EU Emissions Trading Directive： time for revision？&Nick FARNSWORTH 29

1. The future of emissions trading： additional sectors and gases 29

1.1 The scope of the directive 30

1.2 Further harmonization and increased predictability 33

1.3 Robust compliance and enforcement 35

1.4 Links to third countries 36

2. Conclusion 37

The role of joint implementation within the context of EU policies&Wytze VAN DER GAAST 39

1. Introduction 39

2. State of play concerning JI 40

3. Compatibility of JI with EU policies 44

3.1 JI and the Acquis Communautaire 44

3.2 JI and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme 47

4. Enhancing the scope for JI through standardization of accounting procedures 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Grid-connected Renewable Energy Sources projects 53

4.3 Transport 55

4.4 Waste management 55

5. Conclusion 56

References 57

The market potential of large-scale non- CO2 CDM projects&Axel MICHAELOWA， Jorund BUEN， Arne EIk and Elisabeth LOKSHALL 59

Abstract 59

1. Introduction 59

2. HFC-23 destruction 61

3. Destruction of N2O from adipic acid production 63

4. Destruction of N2O from nitric acid production 64

5. Landfill gas capture and destruction 65

6. Coalmine and coal-bed methane capture/destruction 66

7. Gas flaring reduction from oil production 66

8. PFC emissions reduction from aluminium production 67

9. Overall CER potential until 2008 and the impact on the CDM market 67

References 68

Legal Nature of Kyoto Units&Matthieu WEMAERE 71

Marketing CERs： Legal and Contractual Issues for Sellers&Charlotte STRECK 79

1. Introduction 79

2. CDM marketing strategy： main attention points 80

2.1 Definition of a sales strategy 80

2.2 Timing of the sale： spot and forward markets 83

3. Existing CDM carbon contract models 85

3.1 The World Bank ERPA 86

3.2 The IETA ERPA 86

4. CERSPA： A new open-source CDM contract 87

4.1 Contractual cornerstones 88

4.2 Events of default and remedies 91

5. Conclusion 92

PART 2： EXPERIENCES AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REGIME 93

The compliance regime of the Kyoto Protocol&Massimiliano MONTINI 95

1. Introduction： dispute settlement and dispute avoidance under MEAs 95

2. The compliance regime of the Kyoto Protocol： some basic legal issues 99

3. The Compliance Committee and the consequences for non-compliance 103

4. The responsibility for non-compliance under International law and EC law compared 106

Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in Germany：Designing an integrated management scheme for Greenhouse Gases&Michael MEHLING 111

1. Introduction 111

2. Climate policy in Germany： A model of diversity 113

2.1 Ambitious objectives -A myriad of solutions 113

2.2 A wealth of regulation -A dearth of achievement？ 116

3. Synergy or conflict？ Dissecting the ‘instrument mix’ 118

3.1 Global Warming - A new kid on the block？ 118

3.2 Internal and external conflicts -An analytical framework 120

4. Coherence by design： Envisioning a management regime 125

4.1 The legal context- Identifying a mandate 126

4.2 Integrated Greenhouse Gas management - Clinching the objective 129

4.3 Towards a Greenhouse Gas Management Act - Specifying Design Elements 130

5. Conclusion and outlook 132

The Russian Federation and the Kyoto Protocol&Wybe DOUMA and Daria RATSIBORINSKAYA 135

1. Introduction 135

2. From signing to ratification 135

3. Russia’s obligations and prospects under the KP 138

4. The adoption of general implementation measures 140

5. The Joint Implementation regime 142

6. Concluding remarks 144

Legal and institutional barriers to Kyoto Protocol implementation in non-Annex I countries in South-Eastern Europe and CIS&Marina OLSHANSKAYA 147

Abstract 147

1. GHG reduction potential and the status of the CDM pipeline 147

1.1 Countries in a ‘pre-market’ phase： Central Asia and South-Eastern Europe 148

1.2 Countries in an initial stage of engagement in the carbon market：Southern Caucasus and Moldova 149

2. Status of the National Institutional Framework in Eastern Europe and the CIS 151

3. Trends in institutional development 154

4. National CDM project review and approval procedures 156

5. Conclusions 157

References 159

Developing Countries and the Post-Kyoto Regime：Breaking the tragic lock-in of waiting for each other’s strategy&Joyeeta GUPTA 161

1. Introduction 161

2. Challenges facing developing countries 162

2.1 Introduction 162

2.2 The negotiation challenge 162

2.3 The climate challenge 164

2.4 Inferences 167

3. The case of China and India： Keeping the doors for entry open 167

3.1 Introduction 167

3.2 Mainstreaming in the UN 168

3.3 Encouraging local government policy 169

3.4 Litigation 171

4. Vulnerability of developing countries （2000） 173

4.1 Introduction 173

4.2 Aid 173

4.3 Mechanisms to promote technology transfer 175

5. Conclusions 176

Climate change， security and forests&Wouter VEENING 181

EU ETS in the post-2012 regime： lessons learned&Chris DEKKERs and Machtelt OUDENES 185

1. Introduction 185

2. The critical issues of emissions trading 187

3. Factors that determine the success of EU ETS 188

4. Lessons learned from the first trading period 189

4.1 Monitoring and reporting 190

4.2 Verification and accreditation 192

4.3 Inspection and enforcement 193

4.4 Sanctions 194

4.5 Exchange of best practice 194

5. Other legal and technical issues of emission trading 195

5.1 Allocation 195

5.2 Administrative burden of installations 197

5.3 Legal status of an emission allowance 197

5.4 Interrelationship with IPPC directive 197

5.5 Transparency of monitored data 198

5.6 Lessons learned on consultation and cooperation 198

6. Conclusions 199

The Sao Paulo Proposal for an Agreement on Future International Climate Policy&Erik HAITES 201

Abstract 201

1. Introduction 202

1.1 Medium and long-term goals 203

1.2 Commitments of Annex I/B Parties 203

1.3 Automatic extension of Annex I/B commitments 205

1.4 Economic hardship 207

1.5 Non-Annex I Parties’ quantified sustainable development actions and ‘no lose’ commitments 207

1.6 Graduation by Non-Annex I Parties 210

1.7 Clean Development Mechanism 212

1.8 Joint Implementation 214

1.9 Emissions trading 214

1.10 Compliance 215

1.11 Enhanced implementation of adaptation 215

1.12 Technology transfer 218

1.13 Technology research and development 218

1.14 Memoranda of Understanding extending the scope of the agreement with non-Parties 219

1.15 Memoranda of Understanding extending the scope of the agreement to special sectors and sources 220

1.16 Trade restrictions 220

1.17 Review 221

1.18 Legal form of the post-2012 agreement 221

References 222

Stakeholder Views on approaches and instruments for continued and future climate change mitigation efforts post-2012&Robert TIPPMANN 223

1. Introduction 223

2. Proposals on commitments and approaches for post-2012 223

3. Continuation of project-based or flexible mechanisms such as the CDM 226

4. Alternative， non-emission reduction target based approaches 228

5. Negotiation arena 230

6. Linking of different emission trading schemes 232

7. Guiding principles of a future climate regime 234

8. A gap after post-2012？ 236

9. Conclusions 237

References 239

The Kyoto Protocol as a pioneer among the multilateral environmental agreements&Michael BOTHE 241

1. The problem and its remedies 241

2.The regulatory challenges 242

2.1The comprehensive scope of measures 242

2.2Managing uncertainty 243

2.3Managing complexity 243

3.The regulatory instruments 243

3.1Regulatory instruments in a multilevel system 243

3.2Flexible mechanisms and ‘economic instruments’ 244

4.Ensuring compliance - international administration 245

5.Climate change under double jeopardy： technicity and universality 246

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