TJE COMFLICT OF LAWS IIPDF电子书下载

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PART SIX. CORPORATIONS AND KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS 1

CHAPTER 18. TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS, NATIONALITY,AND DOMICIL 3

Ⅰ. Categories of Organizations 4

1. Survey 4

2. Private Business Organizations 7

3. Public Legal Persons 10

States 10

Public corporations 11

4. Foundations and Trusts 13

5. Associations for Nonprofit Purposes 14

Conclusion 15

6. Legal Persons with International Purposes 15

Supranational legal bodies 15

Plurinational centralized legal bodies 15

Plurinational decentralized legal bodies 15

Cartels 16

International public corporations for economic purposes 17

Ⅱ. The Nationality of Corporations 17

1. Difference of Purpose from Conflicts Law 17

2. Where Unity of Criterion Desirable 19

3. Separate Fields 20

Ⅲ. The Latin-American View 24

Ⅳ. Domicil of Corporations 27

CHAPTER 19. THE PERSONAL LAW OF BUSINESS CORPORATIONS 31

Ⅰ. Law of the State of Incorporation 31

Anglo-American law 31

Other countries 32

Ⅱ. Law of the Place of Central Control 33

1. Countries 33

2. Significance of the Principle 37

3. Concept of Central Office 39

4. Real Existence of the Central Office 42

Ⅲ. Exceptions 45

1. To the Law of Incorporation 45

2. To the Law of the Central Office 46

Ⅳ. Renvoi 50

Ⅴ. Transfer of Central Administration to Another Country 50

1. Law of Central Control 50

2. Law of Incorporation 54

Ⅵ. Theory of Control 56

War seizures and restrictions 57

Mixed arbitral tribunals 57

Postwar controversy in France 59

Ⅶ. Rationale 62

CHAPTER 20. THE SCOPE OF THE PERSONAL LAW OF CORPORATIONS 68

1. Existence and Legal Character 68

2. Capacity (Powers) 71

3. Internal Organization 74

Certificates 75

Seizures 76

4. External Relations 80

Liability of stockholders in the United States 81

Borderline problems 84

5. Modification and End 85

Soviet nationalization 87

CHAPTER 21. UNINCORPORATED BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 93

Ⅰ. Method of Legal Construction 93

1. The Old Antithesis 93

2. Gradation of Corporate Character 95

3. Purposes of Construction 96

Ⅱ. Personal Law 100

1. Civil Law Doctrine 100

Need for a personal law 100

Law and treaties 101

Conflict with domestic classification 103

2. American Law 107

(a) Quasi corporations 107

(b) Partnerships 111

3. Contacts 113

(a) Law of the seat 113

(b) American quasi corporations 113

(c) American general partnerships 114

Ⅲ. Scope of Personal Law 115

1. General Aspects 115

2. Partnership 116

3. The Right to Be a Party 119

Ⅳ. Quasi Nationality of Partnership 122

CHAPTER 22. RECOGNITION 124

Ⅰ. Theories of Recognition 124

1. The Territorial Theory 124

2. The International Theory 127

3. Reactionary Trends 130

4. Concept of Recognition 131

Ⅱ. Conditions for Recognition 132

1. Unconditional Recognition 132

(a) For all organizations 133

(b) For trading associations 135

(c) For nonprofit corporations 136

(d) Foundations 137

(e) Partnerships 137

2. Special Conditions for Recognition 138

(a) Authorization in case of reciprocity--France 138

Other countries 140

(b) Special authorization 140

3. Treaties 141

Ⅲ. Effects of Recognition 142

1. Full Effect 142

2. Minimal Effect 142

(a) Capacity to be a party 142

(b) Single acts 147

3. Is the Extent of Recognition Determined by Domestic Law? 149

Ⅳ. The Powers of the Corporation and its Agents 157

1. Powers of Corporation 157

2. Legal Restrictions on the Capacity of Corporations 164

(a) Acquisitions by gift or will 164

(b) Taking of land 166

3. Authority of Agents 167

CHAPTER 23.DOING BUSINESS 173

Ⅰ. Introduction 173

1. Regulation of Foreign Corporations 173

2. Concept of Doing Business 175

3. Categories of Business Places 176

Ⅱ. Survey of Systems 179

1. Unconditional Admittance 179

2. Business Without a Permanent Place 180

3. Business Under Domestic Law 180

4. Qualifying for Authorization 181

5. Discretionary Grant of Authorization 183

6. Domestication 185

7. Reciprocity 187

Ⅲ. The Position of Permanent Establishments in Conflicts Law 187

1. Principle 187

2. Scope of Personal Law 188

3. Territorial Law Governing According to General Conflicts Rules 189

Ⅳ. Statutory Impositions 191

1. Service of Process and Jurisdiction 191

2. Registration 194

3. Publications 196

4. Guarantees 197

5. Application of the Internal Law 197

6. Special Purposes 201

Ⅴ. Sanctions of Territorial Impositions 201

1. Failure to Obtain Authorization to Do Business 202

United States 202

Other countries 212

Appraisal 213

2. Failure to Register 215

Ⅵ. Treaties 217

1. Existing Treaties 217

(a) Commercial clause 218

(b) Special clauses 218

(c) Most-favored-nation clause 218

(d) Clause of reciprocity 219

2. Draft Proposals 220

Ⅶ. Conclusions 220

PART SEVEN. TORTS 227

CHAPTER 24. THE PRINCIPLE 229

Ⅰ. The Meaning of Tort 229

1. Delict and Quasi Delict 229

2. Characterization of Tort 232

Ⅱ. The Principle 235

1. The Dominant Principle 235

2. Lex Fori 237

3. Rule of Similarity 237

American cases 237

British rules 238

4. Harm Done in a Territory Not Belonging to Any Country 244

Ⅲ. Limitations on the Principle 244

1. Law Common to the Parties 244

2. Local Actions 246

3. Protection of Defendant Nationals of the Forum 247

4. Public Policy as a General Limitation 248

5. Rationale 250

CHAPTER 25. THE SCOPE OF THE PRINCIPLE 255

1. The Law of Wrong Governs Capacity to Commit a Tort 255

2. Unlawfulness 255

(a) Illicit conduct 256

(b) Authorized acts 256

3. Causation and Fault 257

(a) Causation 257

(b) Fault 258

(c) Contributory negligence 258

Characterization 260

4. Proper Plaintiff 261

(a) Beneficiary of the tort claim 261

(b) Indirect harm 262

(c) Plaintiff in own name on behalf of the injured 262

5. Proper Defendant 263

(a) Co-obligors 263

(b) Claim against the insurer of the tortfeasor 263

6. Influence of Family Relations 265

7. Vicarious Liability 267

(a) Principle 267

(b) Persons out of state 268

(c) Other effects of public policy 275

8. Damages for Tort 276

Influence of lex fori 278

9. Other Sanctions 280

10. Relation to Procedural Law 281

(a) In general 281

(b) Burden of proof 283

American law 285

(c) Conditions of bringing suit 286

11. Relation to Contractual Obligations 287

(a) Distinction in the municipal laws 287

(b) Conflicts law 290

Stipulations for exemption from liability 293

12. Statutes of Limitation 294

13. Industrial Property 295

(a) Territorial limitation of protected interests 295

(b) Unfair competition 295

CHAPTER 26. THE PLACE OF WRONG 301

Ⅰ. Survey of Solutions 301

1. Theory of the Place of Injury (The American Rule) 301

2. Theory of the Place of Acting (The Civil Law Rule) 303

3. Elective Concurrence of Claims (The Reichsgericht Rule 304

4. Mixed Solutions 306

(a) Influence of the law of the place of acting 306

(b) Influence of the law of the place of effect 308

(c) Differentiated solutions 308

5. Differences of Policies 309

Ⅱ. The Place of Acting 311

1. Preparatory Acts 311

2. Acts and Omissions 312

(a) Omissive torts 312

(b) Accomplices 313

3. Acting in Several States 314

(a) Separate torts in several countries 314

(b) Single tort committed by partial acts in several states 315

4. Acting at a Distance 317

(a) Means of acting in foreign jurisdictions 317

(b) Letters 318

(c) Suppliers 319

(d) Broadcasts,newspapers,and the like 320

Ⅲ. The Place of Injury 323

1. Injury and Damage 323

Deceit 325

2. Injury and Acting 327

Damage by aircraft 328

Ⅳ. The Structure of Torts 328

1. Liability Without Proof of Fault 328

(a) Absolute liability 328

(b) Strict liability 329

2. Neighborhood Relations 330

(a) Flood 330

(b) Mine damage 332

3. Fault 332

(a) Intentional acts 332

(b) Negligence 333

Ⅴ. Conclusion 333

CHAPTER 27. MARITIME AND AERONAUTIC TORTS 336

Ⅰ. Survey of Principles 336

1. General Maritime Law 336

England 336

United States 338

2. Modern Principles 339

Ⅱ. Unification of Substantive Laws 340

Collision 340

Navigation 341

Aerial law 341

Ⅲ. Torts Done Within a State Territory 342

1. Torts in Territorial Waters 342

(a) Rule 342

(b) Exceptions 345

2. Collision of Aircraft Flying over State Territory 345

Ⅳ. Torts on the High Seas 346

1. Torts on Board One Vessel 346

Aircraft 347

2. Collision 347

3. Other Torts 351

Ⅴ. Special Problems 351

1. Rules of Navigation 351

2. Extent of Damages 351

3. Public Policy 354

4. Formal Requirements of Suit 354

PART EIGHT. CONTRACTS IN GENERAL 355

CHAPTER 28. CHOICE OF LAW BY THE PARTIES (Party Autonomy) 357

Ⅰ. The Problem of American Law 357

Ⅱ. The Theories 360

1. Theory Negating Choice of Law by the Parties 360

2. Proper Law Theory 363

3. Theory Permitting Agreement of Parties on the Applicable Law 367

Ⅲ. The Present Systems 368

1. Outside the United States 368

Autonomy recognized 368

Austrian Civil Code 369

Latin America 370

Other jurisdictions rejecting party autonomy 373

2. United States 374

3. Express Agreements 376

4. Implied Agreements 384

5. Scope of the Agreement 387

(a) Problem of renvoi 387

(b) Nullity by choice of law 387

Ⅳ. Choice of Several Laws 388

1. Special References 388

2. Nature of Special References 391

CHAPTER 29. THEORIES RESTRICTING PARTY AUTONOMY 394

Ⅰ. Doctrines of General Scope 394

1. Doctrines Reserving Imperative Rules 394

(a) Imperative rules of predestined law 394

(b) Lex loci contractus necessarily governing validity 395

(c) Illegality under lex loci contractus invalidating the contract 397

(d) Prevailing rule 399

2. Evasion 400

(a) Fraudulent evasion 400

(b) Contracts without foreign elements 400

(c) Lex fori in imperative role 401

(d) American law 401

3. Requirement of Substantial Connection 402

Ⅱ. Special American Doctrines 408

1. Usury Statutes 408

Stipulation for a law 410

2. Insurance Statutes 412

Ⅲ. Exemptions from Liability 415

Municipal laws and unifications 415

Conflicts law 418

Extraterritorial effect 424

International needs 425

Ⅳ. Conclusions 427

CHAPTER 30. RULES IN ABSENCE OF PARTY AGREEMENT 430

A. Judicial Choice of Law 430

Ⅰ. Individualized Choice of Law 430

1. Presumed Intention of the Parties 430

2. "Objective" Theory 436

3. Rationale 437

Conclusion 440

Ⅱ. General Rules 440

1. Prima Facie Rules 440

2. Rigid General Rules 441

3. "No Rule" 442

4. The Most Characteristic Connection 442

B. Contacts 443

Ⅰ. Historical Note 443

Ⅱ. Law of the Place of Contracting 445

1. To Govern the Entire Contract 445

By logical necessity 445

By presumed intention 446

By fixed conflicts rule 447

2. To Govern the Making of Contracts. 448

Impracticability of the division 450

3. American Law 451

4. Determination of the Place of Contracting 452

Contracts between absent persons 453

United States 456

Binding force of offers 457

Various cases treated in the Restatement 457

Discretionary assumptions 459

Contracting in another state 459

5. Rationale 460

Ⅲ. Law of the Place of Performance 462

1. Historical Note 462

2. Countries 463

United States 464

3. Mode of Fulfillment 464

4. Several Places of Performance 466

5. Lack of a Certain Place of Performance 470

6. Characterization 471

7. Rationale 472

Ⅳ. Law of the Debtor's Domicil 473

Ⅴ. The Law Most Favorable to the Contract 474

Ⅵ. Renvoi 480

Ⅶ. Conclusions 480

1. Specialized Rules 480

2. The Law of the Contract 483

CHAPTER 31. FORM OF CONTRACTS 485

Ⅰ. The Rules 485

1. Lex loci contractus 485

2. Locus regit actum 485

(a) Compulsory rule 486

(b) Optional rule 487

(ⅰ) Lex causae imperative 490

(ⅱ) Lex causae optional 490

(ⅲ) Lex loci contractus optional 490

(ⅳ) Lex loci contractus obligatory 491

3. Lex causae 491

United States 491

Other countries 492

4. Exceptional Rules 493

(a) National law 493

(b) Cumulated tests 493

(c) Law of the forum 493

(d) Preponderance of lex causae 495

Ⅱ. Scope of the Rules 496

1. Concept of Formal Requirements 496

2. Form and Procedure 498

(a) Statute of Frauds 498

(b) Exclusion of nonwritten evidence 501

(c) Parol evidence 503

3. Form and Revenue Law 503

4. Determination of the Place of Contracting 505

(a) Contract by correspondence 505

(b) Determination by the parties 506

Ⅲ. Operation of the Rules 506

1. Solemnities Prescribed by Lex Causae 506

2. Form Agreeable to Lex Loci Contractus 510

Public policy 511

3. Renvoi 513

4. Defective Form 513

Ⅳ. Conclusion 514

CHAPTER 32. SCOPE OF THE LAW OF THE CONTRACT 518

Ⅰ. Formation of the Contract 519

1. Consent in Form 519

The problem 519

Conflicts rules 520

2. Consent in Fact 523

The problem 523

Conflicts rules 524

3. Want of Consideration 527

Ⅱ. Nature and Effects 528

1. The Nature of the Contract 528

2. Intended and Legal Effects 530

3. Interpretation of Terms 532

Rules of interpretation 532

Ascertainment of true meaning 533

Reference to local conceptions 533

Ⅲ. Legality 535

Ⅳ. Nonperformance of the Contract 539

1. In General 539

2. Sanctions of Nonperformance 542

Rescission 542

Damages 542

Penalties 544

Moratory interest allowed as damages 545

3. Burden of Proof 545

Ⅴ. Change of Law 546

CHAPTER 33. PUBLIC POLICY 549

Ⅰ. The Law of the Forum 549

A. The Present Situation 549

Uncertainty 549

Full Faith and Credit Clause 553

Due Process Clause 554

American repugnance to the use of the exception 555

Recent European reaction 556

B. The Problem 558

1. Policy of Public,Especially Administrative Law 559

Public law of the forum 562

Sunday contracts 564

Foreign governing law 565

2. Policy of Private' Law 566

C. Examples 568

1. Wagering Contracts 568

Lotteries 573

Indorsed gaming notes 574

2. Various Contracts 576

Champerty 576

Other examples 577

Protection of personality 577

3. Immoral Transactions 580

Bribery 580

Lease of a gambling house 580

D. Conclusions 581

Ⅱ. Violation of Foreign Law 584

Smuggling 585

Generalizations 589

International treaties 590

TABLES 593

BIBLIOGRAPHY 595

TABLE OF STATUTES 611

TABLE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CASES 653

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