THE INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TEACHING AND TEACJER EDUATIONPDF电子书下载

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SECTION 1—CONCEPTS AND MODELS 3

Introduction&M. J. DUNKIN 3

(a) Teaching 11

Definitions of Teaching&B.O. SMITH 11

Teaching and Related Activities&E. ROBERTSON 15

Teaching: Art or Science?M. J. DUNKIN 19

Human Interaction Models&N.A.FLANDERS 20

Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Models&R. E. SNOW 28

Behavioral Models&D. BUSHELL JR. AND D.DORSEY 32

The Carroll Model&C. M. CLARK 36

Information Processing Models&L. CORNO AND M. EDELSTEIN 40

Linguistic Models&R. E. YOUNG, R. ARNOLD AND K. WATSON 49

Mastery Learning Models&L. W. ANDERSON AND J. H. BLOCK 58

Models of Heuristic Teaching&M. C. WIITROCK 68

(b) Teacher Education 77

Concepts of Teacher Education&G. DE LANDSHEERE 77

Affective Teacher Education&L. W. ANDERSON AND MIN CHING 83

Competency-based Teacher Education&W. R. HOUSTON 86

SECTION 2—METHODS AND PARADIGMS FOR RESEARCH 97

Introduction&M. J. DUNKIN 97

Evolution of Research on Teaching&D. M. MEDLEY 105

Paradigms for Research&W. DOYLE 113

Effects of Teaching&B. J. BIDDLE AND M. J. DUNKIN 119

Synthesizing Research Evidence&R. M GIA ONIA AND L V HEDGES 124

Stractured Observation&M. GALTON 142

Naturalistic Inquiry&E. G. GUBA AND Y S LINCOLN 147

Ethnographic Methods&R. TAFT 151

Units of Analysis&L BURSTEIN 155

Teachers as Researchers&J. ELLIOTT 162

Ethical Considerations&W. B. DOCKRELL 165

Criteria for Evaluating Teaching&D. M. MEDLEY 169

Student Evaluations of Teaching&H. W. MARSH 181

SECTION 3—TEACHING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 191

Introduction&M. J. DUNKIN 191

(a) History 201

History of Teaching Methods&W. F. CONNELL 201

The Dalton Plan&J. R. LAWRY 214

The Winnetka Scheme&J. R. LAWRY 216

The Project Method&J. R. LAWRY 217

(b) The Individual and the Group 220

Individualizing Teaching&R. M. THOMAS 220

Grouping for Teaching&R. C. CALFEE AND D. C. PIONTKOWSKI 225

Discussion Methods&M. D. GALL 232

Small Group Methods&R. E. SLAVIN 237

Tutoring&F. J. MEDWAY 243

(c) Formality 246

Open Versus Formal Methods&R. M. GIACONIA 246

Direct Instruction&B. ROSENSHINE 257

Lesson Formats&M.J. DUNKIN 263

Pacing and Sequencing&G. J. POSNER 266

Homework&F. COULTER 272

Thinking Aloud&A. BONBOIR 277

Written Instruction&F. RICHAUDEAU 278

(d) Higher Education 284

Lectures and Lecturing&G. A. BROWN 284

Group Teaching&D. JAQUES 288

Science Laboratory Teaching&E. HEGARTY.HAZEL 298

Clinical Teaching&P. A. CRANTON 304

Keller Plan: A Personalized System of Instruction&J. A. KULIK 306

SECTION 4—CLASSROOM PROCESSES 345

Introduction&M.J.DUNKIN 345

(a) Socioamotiond 327

Teacher-centered and Learner-centered Teaching&J.WIIHALL 327

Classroom Climate&R.S.SOAR AND R.M.SOAR 336

Competition&L.OWENS 342

Cooperation&L.OWENS 345

Reinforcement&J.A.BATES 349

(b)Logical and substantive 359

Types of Content&G.LEINHARDT 359

Content Coverage&R.BARR 364

Opportunity to tearn&L.W.ANDERSON 368

Time&W.J.SMYTH 372

Logical Operations&R.E.SUTTON AND R.H.ENNH 380

Abatractness and Concreteness&M.J.DUNKIN 390

Vagueneas and Clarity&M.L.LAND 392

(c)Pedagogical 398

Structuring&S.J.DOENAU 398

Soliciting&S.J.DOENAU 407

Responding&C.POWER 413

Reacting&J.A.ZAHORIK 416

Reviewing and Recapitulating&G.NUTHALL 424

Teaching Cycles and Strategies&C. POWER 427

Student Roles&R.P. TISHER 432

(d)〓 457

Classroom Managenment&E. T. EMMER 457

Behaviour Problems&L.G.CAIRNS 446

Activities: Structures and Functions&P. V. GUMP 452

Proactive Teaching&M. M. ROHRKEMIER AND T.L.COOD 457

Reactive Teaching&M.M. ROHRKEMPER AND T.L. GOOD 460

Flexibility&N.A. FLANDERS 462

Nonverbal Communication&H. A. SMITH 466

(e)Cognitive 477

Implicit Theories&P. H. TAYLOR 477

Planning&R. J.SHAVELSON 483

Teachers' Judgments&R. J. SHAVELSON 486

Interactive Decision Making&R. J. SHAVELSON 491

Epistemologies&R. E. YOUNG 493

Students' Cognitive Processing&P.H. WINNE 496

SECTION 5—CONTEXTUAL FACTORSIntroduction&M. J. DUNKIN 513

(a) The Environment 525

Frame Factors&U. P. LUNDGREN 525

Architecture&S. N. BENNETT 530

Equipment and Materials&J. G. AINLEY 538

Class Size&G. V. GLASS 540

Seating Patterns&C. S. WEINSTEIN 545

Environmental Influences&D.L. DUKE 548

Psychological Environment&H. J. WALBER 553

(b) Students Characteristics 559

Students' Affective Characteristics&K. E. SINCLAIR 559

Students" Cognitive Characteristics&R. L. DEBUS 564

Students' Ethnicit&M. J. DUNKIN AND S. J. DOENAU 568

Students' Sex&B. J. BANK 571

Students' Social Backgrounds&T.N. KAHL 574

(c) Teachers' Characteristics 585

Teachers' Personality&D. S. LEVIS 585

Affective Characteristics of Student Teachers&F. COULTER 589

Teachers' Expectations&C. BRAUN 598

Teachers' Sex&M. J. DUNKIN 606

Teaching Experience&J. BARNES 608

Teachers' Social Backgrounds&E. HOYLE 612

(d) Occupational Factors 625

Teacher Roles&B. J. BIDDLE 625

Professional Socialization of Teachers&C. LACEY 634

Selection for Teaching&K. J. ELTIS 645

Teacher Supply and Demand&P. R. C. WILLIAMS 650

Economics of Teacher Supply&A. ZABALZA 653

Certification and Licensing of Teachers&N. L. ZIMPHER 657

Teachers' Organizations&D. L. COLTON 660

Nonteachers and Teaching&J. H. DUTHIE 662

SECTION 6—TEACHER EDUCATION 671

Introduction&M. J. DUNKIN 671

(a) Preservice 681

Student (Practice) Teaching&E. STONES 681

Supervision of the Practicum&C. TURNEY 686

Laboratory Schools&C. TURNEY 696

Technical Skills of Teaching&M. J. DUNKIN 703

Lesson Analysis&E. C. WRAGG 706

Microteaching: Conceptual and Theoretical Bases&A. PERLBERG 715

Microteaching: Modelling&G. R. MACLEOD 720

Microteaching: Feedback&D. S. LEVIS 722

Microteaching: Effectiveness&G. R. MACLEOD 726

(b) Inservice 730

Inservice Teacher Education&M. ERAUT 730

Teacher Recyclage&G. DE LANDSHEERE 744

Induction of Beginning Teachers&R. BOLAM 745

Supervision of Teaching&B. M. HARRIS 757

Teachers' Centres&R. J. SHOSTAK 761

Minicourses&E. PERROTT 764

(c) Special Purpose 773

Teacher Education for Early Childhood Education&L. G. KATZ AND J. CAIN 773

Teacher Education for Special Education&D. S. SEMMEL 781

Teacher Education for Vocational and Industrial Education&R. B. HOBART 787

Teacher Education for Higher Education&A. N. MAIN 794

Teacher Education for Adult Education&C. DUKE 798

List of Contributors 809

Name Index 815

Subject Index 839

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