TJE COMFLICT OF LAWS IPDF电子书下载

查看更多关于的内容

PART ONE. INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE AND SOURCES OF CONFLICTS LAW 3

Ⅰ. Scope of Conflicts Law 3

Ⅱ. Literature 6

1. The International Historical Background 6

2. Modern Treatises 11

England 11

United States 12

France and Belgium 14

Italy 16

Other Latin countries 17

The Netherlands 17

Germany 17

Switzerland 18

Greece 19

3. New Orientation 19

Ⅲ. Sources 26

1. Codifications 26

2. Special Legislation 28

3. Multilateral Treaties 29

(a) Montevideo Treaties 29

(b) Hague Conventions 30

(c) Código Bustamante 32

(d) Scandinavian Treaty 33

(e) Conventions on Negotiable Instruments 34

(f) Other multilateral efforts 35

(g) Drafts 36

4. Bilateral Treaties 37

5. Case Law 37

6. International Custom 38

7. Conclusion 40

CHAPTER 2. STRUCTURE OF CONFLICTS RULES 42

Ⅰ. The Parts of the Rule 42

Ⅱ. The First Part:The Object of the Rule 45

Ⅲ. Interpretation and Characterization 47

1. Lex Fori 47

2. Lex Causae 48

3. Comparative Method 49

Ⅳ. The Second Part:Reference to a Legal System 60

1. The Nature of the Reference 60

2. The Extent of the Reference 63

CHAPTER 3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONFLICTS LAW 68

Ⅰ. Retarding Factors 68

1. Preconceptions 68

2. Renvoi 70

3. Choice of Law by the Parties 83

Ⅱ. The Purpose of Conflicts Law 87

1. Uniformity 87

2. Policy Considerations 89

Ⅲ. Rationalization 92

1. Special Rules 92

2. Independent Conflicts Rules 94

3. Internationalization 96

PART TWO. PERSONAL LAW OF INDIVIDUALS 99

CHAPTER 4. THE PERSONAL LAW 101

Ⅰ. Nature and Scope of Personal Law 101

1. Personal Law Defined 101

Scope of the personal law 102

2. Legal Problems 105

Status 105

Prohibitive policy 106

Connection of a person with a given territory 107

3. Rationale 107

Ⅱ. Contacts Determining the Personal Law 109

1. Domicil 109

(a) Domicil of origin 109

(b) Domicil of choice 110

(c) Domicil by operation of law 111

(d) Residence 111

2. Nationality 112

3. Mixed Systems 115

Switzerland 115

Austria 116

Latin America 117

Ⅲ. Supplementary Rules 120

1. Multiple Nationality 120

2. Stateless Persons 122

3. Nationals of Countries with a Composite System of Private Law 124

Composite law on personal basis 124

Composite law on territorial basis 126

Conclusion 135

Ⅳ. Determination of Nationality and Domicil 136

1. Determination of Nationality 136

2. Determination of Domicil 139

Variety of domicil concepts 139

Which law decides? 142

Lex fori 143

Ⅴ. Change of Personal Law 147

1. Change of Nationality 147

2. Change of Domicil 148

Ⅵ. Rationale 149

1. Tradition 149

2. Political Considerations 150

3. Economic Considerations;Migrations 151

4. Practicability 154

5. Efforts to Reach a Modus Vivendi Between the Two Principles 155

6. Conclusion 158

CHAPTER 5. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF THE PERSONAL LAW 161

Ⅰ. Personal Characteristics 161

1. General Capacity to Have Rights and Duties 161

2. Beginning and End of Personality 163

3. Name 168

(a) Individual name 168

(b) Commercial name (firm) 170

4. Status as Merchant 170

5. Infancy 172

Ⅱ. Public Policy 174

CHAPTER 6. CAPACITY 179

Ⅰ. Object of the Discussion 179

Ⅱ. The Law Governing Capacity 182

1. Capacity Governed by the Law of the Place of Contracting 182

2. Capacity Governed by Personal Law 185

3. Mixed Systems 190

(a) English law 190

(b) Former Italian system 191

Ⅲ. Problems Raised by Incapacitating Provisions of the Law of the Place of Contracting 192

Ⅳ. Conclusions 194

PART THREE. MARRIAGE 197

CHAPTER 7. MARRIAGE 199

Ⅰ. Engagement to Marry 199

1. Groups of Conflicts Rules 199

2. Cases 201

3. Public Policy 203

4. Conclusion 204

Ⅱ. The Concept of Marriage in the Conflict of Laws 204

1. Soviet Marriage 205

2. Polygamous Marriage 206

Ⅲ. Formal Requirements of Marriage 207

1. Survey of Problems: Requirements of Form and Intrinsic Validity Distinguished 207

2. Locus Regit Actum 210

(a) Compulsory rule 211

(b) Optional rule 211

(c) Rule modified by religious requirements 213

3. The Law of the Place of Celebration as Applied to Domestic Marriages 216

General rule 216

Apparent exceptions 219

Consular marriages performed within the forum 220

4. The Law of the Place of Celebration as Applied to Foreign Marriages 222

In general 222

Special problems 223

(a) Common law marriages 223

(b) Tribal marriage 225

(c) Marriage by proxy 225

Prevention of secret marriages 226

(a) Provisions by the state of celebration 226

(b) Banns prescribed by the personal law 227

(c) Recordation prescribed by the personal law 228

Defective celebration 229

Evasion of formalities 231

5. Religious Ceremony Considered Essential by the Personal Law 232

Point of view of the personal law 232

(a) Foreign civil marriage 232

(b) Foreign religious marriage 233

Point of view of the local law 233

Point of view of third countries 234

6. Other Tests 236

Foreign consular marriage 236

(a) In general 236

(b) Authority granted by the sending state 238

(c) Law of third states 240

(d) Ceremony 240

Marriage on the high seas 241

Marriage in remote places 241

Military marriages abroad 241

Ⅳ. Conclusions 242

CHAPTER 8. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR MARRIAGE 243

Ⅰ. Survey 243

1. Terminology 243

2. Two Rival Basic Principles 244

3. Influence of Public Policy 245

4. Ecclesiastical Courts 246

Ⅱ. Law of the Place of Celebration 247

1. The Principle 247

The United States 247

Argentina and others 247

Chile and others 248

Denmark 249

Cóigo Bustamante 250

Switzerland 250

Soviet Russia 251

2. Exceptions:Prohibitive Public Policy 251

The United States:Policy of the forum 251

Policy of domicil 252

Denmark 256

Latin-American countries 256

Switzerland 257

3. Exceptions:Permissive Public Policy 258

The United States 258

Switzerland 259

Ⅲ. Personal Law 259

1. The Primary Principle 259

Law of the domicil 259

National law 261

Renvoi 262

2. Problems Arising when Parties are Subject to Different Personal Laws 263

Each law applied separately 263

Minority opinions 263

Doctrine of unilateral prohibitions 264

(a) Age required for marriage 265

(b) Consent in form but not in fact;defective intention 265

(c) Consent of parents or guardians 266

(d) Prohibition against remarriage 269

(e) Impotence 269

Doctrine of bilateral prohibitions 270

(a) Social policy 270

(b) Adultery 270

(c) Impediments connected with religion 271

(d) Sham marriages 272

Time element 273

3. Prohibitive Public Policy of the Country of Celebration 275

The Hague Convention 275

Código Bustamante 276

Trend 277

Effect of treaties and conventions 279

4. Permissive Public Policy of the Country of Celebration 279

The Hague Convention 279

In general 282

Relation to the forum 283

Consequences of a state's acts 284

5. Sanctions for the Fulfillment of Intrinsic Requirements 284

Certificate of ability to marry 284

Dispensation 286

Effect of violation of personal law 286

Evasion of directive requirements 288

Ⅳ. Conclusions 288

CHAPTER 9. PERSONAL EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE 294

Ⅰ. Effects of Marriage in General 294

1. The Internal Conceptions 294

2. Reaction on Conflicts Laws 296

3. Personal Effects of Marriage 298

Ⅱ. Contacts 299

1. Law of the Residence 299

The United States 299

Argentina 300

2. Law of the Domicil 300

3. Law of Nationality 301

The problem 301

Last common nationality 302

Cumulative application of both national laws 303

Emergency solutions 304

4. Public Policy of the Forum 305

Law of the wife 305

French courts 306

Procedural law 307

Ⅲ. Scope of the Rules 308

1. Duties of Conjugal Life 308

Domicil by operation of law 309

2. Capacity of Married Persons 311

Classification 311

Married woman's capacity to contract 314

Capacity to sue and be sued 315

Right of the wife to carry on a business or engage in a profession 316

Prohibition of certain transactions with third persons 316

Protection of third persons 317

3. Implied Authority:Legal Transactions Between Husband and Wife 318

Power to obligate the other spouse 318

Prohibited transactions between husband and wife 320

4. Support 324

Application of the matrimonial law 324

Lex fori 325

Law of the debtor 326

Provisional decrees 326

5. Wife's lien 326

CHAPTER 10. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE ON PROPERTY 328

Ⅰ. Basic Conceptions 328

1. American Rules on Immovables 328

2. American Rules on Movables 329

3. Continental Rules on Marital Property Relations 330

4. Scope of the Marital Property Law 331

5. Relation Between the Marital Property Law and the Lex Situs 335

Necessary role of the lex situs 335

American conception of the lex situs 337

The lex situs in other countries 340

Louisiana rule 341

Deference of Continental countries to the Anglo-American rule of lex situs 342

Rationale 342

Ⅱ. Theory of Implied Contract 343

1. French Practice 343

(a) Method and result of French cases 344

(b) Influence of the French doctrine on other countries 345

(c) Influence on America 347

(d) Opposition to French practice 347

Ⅲ. Contacts 348

1. Domicil 348

2. Nationality 349

3. Law of the Place of Celebration 352

4. Renvoi 352

Ⅳ. The Problem of Mutability:Change of Personal Law During Coverture 354

1. Change in Legislation 354

2. Change in Status 354

3. The Principles 355

(a) Full mutability 355

(b) Mutability of new acquisitions 356

(c) Immutability 357

4. Exception:New Marriage Settlements 359

5. Classification 361

6. Renvoi 362

7. Rationale 362

Ⅴ. Marriage Settlements 364

1. Characterization 364

2. Permissibility 364

3. Formalities 366

4. Capacity 367

5. Mutability 368

6. Settlements Concerning Immovables 369

7. Obligatory Settlements 370

Ⅵ. Protection of Third Parties 370

1. No Exception to the Personal Law 371

2. Exception with Respect to Third Persons 371

3. Exception in Favor of Third Persons in Good Faith 372

Ⅶ. Questions of Classification 373

1. Composition of Community Property 373

2. Marital Property and Inheritance 374

(a) Importance of defining limits of each field 374

(b) Rights and expectancies distinguished 377

(c) Coordination of the two fields in municipal legislation 379

PART FOUR. DIVORCE AND ANNULMENT 383

CHAPTER 11. DIVORCE 385

Ⅰ. The Problem of Foreign Divorce 385

1. Aspects of the Problem 385

2. Diversity of Divorce Legislation 387

3. Divergence in Method 390

4. Predominance of Lex Fori 392

5. "Migratory" Divorce 393

6. Ex Parte Proceedings 395

Ⅱ. Jurisdiction 396

1. Nationality as Basis 397

2. Domicil as Basis 399

(a) Common domicil 400

(b) Presumption of common domicil 401

(c) Admission of separate domicil for married women 403

3. Restrictions on the Assumption of Jurisdiction 407

(a) Additional requirements 407

(b) Conformity to National Law 410

The Hague Convention 410

Germany 411

Switzerland 412

4. Religious Divorce 413

Ⅲ. Common Scope of the Lex Fori 416

1. Procedure 416

2. Decrees 417

3. Validity of the Marriage Prerequisite 419

Ⅳ. Choice of Law 422

1. Lex Fori 422

United States 422

Other countries 424

Latin American treaties 425

2. Diverse Contacts 426

3. National Law Cumulatively Applied with the Lex Fori 427

France and others 428

Ⅴ. Application of the Nationality Principle 429

1. Permissibility of Divorce and Grounds for Divorce Distinguished 429

2. Permissibility of Divorce 430

(a) Under the law of the forum 430

(b) Under the national law 432

(c) Separation 433

3. Grounds for Divorce 436

Permissive policy 439

4. Different National Laws 440

National law of the husband 440

Last common nationality 441

Both laws cumulatively 441

The law of the plaintiff 441

Ⅵ. Renvoi 446

Ⅶ. Change of Domicil or Nationality 449

1. Change of Factor Determining Jurisdiction 449

2. Change of Factor Determining the Choice of Law After Beginning of Litigation 450

3. Changes of Factor Determining Choice of Law Before the Divorce Suit Is Brought 451

Ⅷ. Conclusions 458

CHAPTER 12. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DⅣORCE 462

Ⅰ. Individual Systems 463

1. England 463

2. The United States 465

3. France 471

4. Germany 475

5. Soviet Union 478

6. The Hague Convention on Divorce 479

7. Latin-American Conventions 479

8. The Scandinavian Convention on Family Law of 1931 480

9. Bilateral Treaties 481

Ⅱ. Particular Problems 482

1. Scope of Recognition as Contrasted with Enforcement 482

2. Scope of Res Judicata 484

3. Divorce Without Judicial Litigation 485

Recent Soviet legislation 490

4. Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Divorce Court 491

(a) Exclusive jurisdiction 491

(b) International jurisdiction 492

(c) International treaties 493

(d) Opportunity for defense 494

5. Anti-Divorce Policy of the Forum 496

(a) Nationals of the forum 496

(b) Marriage celebrated within the forum 498

(c) Foreigners 500

(d) Bigamy 501

6. Requirement of Similar Grounds 502

7. Evasion 504

(a) Fictitious change of personal law 504

(b) Fictitious change of domicil 505

(c) Fictitious change of nationality 507

(d) Effective change of personal law 508

8. Additional Application of Public Policy 511

9. Renvoi 511

Ⅲ. Conclusions 513

CHAPTER 13. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE 517

Ⅰ. Effects of Non-Recognized Foreign Divorces 517

1. View of the Country of Divorce and of Third States 517

2. View of the Personal Law 519

Ⅱ. Effects of Valid Divorces 521

1. Effects on Personal Relations between Husband and Wife 523

(a) Name,capacity,gifts,et cetera 523

(ⅰ) The law of the forum 523

(ⅱ) The law of divorce 524

(b) Alimony following a foreign divorce 525

2. Effects on Marital Property 529

3. Custody of Children 531

CHAPTER 14. ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE 535

Ⅰ. Annulment Distinguished from Divorce 535

Ⅱ. Annulment of the Marriage of Foreigners 537

1. Jurisdiction 537

(a) Court of the place of celebration 537

(b) Court of the domicil 538

(c) Court of the national country 539

2. Applicable Law 540

(a) Rule 540

(b) Policy of the forum in favor of marriage 541

(c) Policy of the forum against the marriage 541

(d) Adjustment of the applicable law 542

Ⅲ. Recognition of Foreign Annulments 543

Ⅳ. Effects of Annulment 544

1. Partly Effectual Void Marriage 544

2. Protection of Third Parties 550

PART FIVE. PARENTAL RELATIONS 553

CHAPTER 15. PARENT AND CHILD 555

Ⅰ. Preliminary Observations 555

1. Subject Matter 555

2. Institutions Involving an Act of a Party 556

3. Liberal Trends 559

Ⅱ. Legitimate Birth 559

A. Rules 559

1. Personal Law of the Parent 559

Contacts:domicil or nationality 560

2. Personal Law of the Child 561

3. Time Governing Ascertainment of Applicable Law 562

4. Soviet Russia 564

B. Scope of the Rules 565

1. Validity of Marriage as Condition 565

2. Presumptions of Legitimacy 566

3. Public Policy 567

C. Children of Invalid Marriages 568

(a) United States:general rule 568

(b) England 568

(c) Germany 570

(d) Other countries 570

Ⅲ. Legitimation by Subsequent Marriage 571

A. Rules 571

1. Decisive Time 571

2. Contacts:Usual Rules 574

(a) Law of Domicil 574

(b) Law of Nationality 575

3. Personal Law of the Child 575

4. Rules on Effects of Legitimation 577

5. Renvoi 577

6. Soviet Russia 578

B. Scope 578

1. Validity of the Marriage 578

2. Conditions and Effects of Legitimation 579

3. Invalid Subsequent Marriage 580

4. Acquisition of Nationality 581

5. Prohibitive Public Policy of the Forum 582

(a) United States 582

(b) England 583

(c) Continent 583

6. Permissive Public Policy of the Forum 585

7. Law of Situs 585

Ⅳ. Legitimation by Other Acts 586

1. United States 587

2. England 587

3. National Law of Parent 588

4. Argentine Doctrine 589

Ⅴ. Recognition of Foreign Legitimation 589

1. Validity of Legitimation as a Preliminary Question 589

2. Effect of Foreign Legitimation on Inheritance Rights 592

Ⅵ. Relations Between Legitimate Parents and Child 592

A. Rules 592

1. Personal Law of Father 593

2. Cases of Different Nationalities 594

3. Renvoi 596

B. Scope of the Rules 596

1. Maternal Rights 596

2. Personal Care 597

3. Duty of Providing a Dowry 598

4. Protecting Interference by Courts 598

5. Parental Interest in Child's Property 600

6. Authority of Parent 602

7. Duties of Support 603

8. Determination of Domicil of the Child 604

Characterization 605

9. Tort 606

C. Change of Status 606

1. Mutability of Incidents of the Child's Status 606

2. Different Personal Laws 607

3. Non-retroactivity 608

CHAPTER 16. ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 610

Ⅰ. Mother and Child 610

1. Contacts 610

2. Scope 611

Change of Status 613

Ⅱ. Father and Child 613

1. Classification 613

2. Contacts 616

3. Public Policy 618

4. Time Element 622

5. Renvoi 623

Ⅲ. Recognition of a Child 624

1. Formalities 624

2. Substantive Requirements 625

3. Scope 626

Ⅳ. Mother and Father 628

Ⅴ. Conclusions 629

CHAPTER 17. ADOPTION 632

Ⅰ. Preliminary Observations 632

1. Definition of Adoption 632

2. Jurisdiction and Choice of Law 635

Ⅱ. Adoption of or by Foreigners Within the Forum 637

1. Law of the Forum 637

(a) United States 637

(b) British Law 638

(c) Scandinavian Countries 639

(d) Law of the forum governing formalities everywhere 639

2. Systems of Personal Law 641

(a) Law of the adopter 641

(b) Consideration of the child's law 642

(c) Exclusive application of the child's personal law 643

(d) Both laws cumulatively applied 643

(e) Special rules on the effect of adoption 644

Ⅲ. Recognition of Foreign Adoption 645

1. Conditions of Recognition 645

2. Effects of Recognition 648

3. Effect on Inheritance Rights in Particular 653

(a) Construction of language 653

(b) Major rights acquired by foreign act 654

(ⅰ) Law of situs of immovables 654

(ⅱ) Local policy 655

(c) Major rights granted by the statute of distribution 657

TABLES 659

BIBLIOGRAPHY 661

TABLE OF STATUTES 675

TABLE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CASES 715

INDEX 731

查看更多关于的内容