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CHAPTER ONE The Concept of Occupational Crime 3

THE DISCOVERY OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 4

SUTHERLAND'S HISTORIC SPEECH 7

IS WHITE COLLAR CRIME "CRIME"?: THE SUTHERLAND-TAPPAN-BURGESS DEBATE 8

A DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 10

FOUR CATEGORIES OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 15

PUBLIC VIEWS ABOUT OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 18

PREVIEW OF THE BOOK 20

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 20

CHAPTER TWO Counting and Recording Occupational Crimes and Criminals 23

AGENCY-BASED RECORDS 24

VICTIM-BASED RECORDS 31

CRIMINAL-BASED RECORDS 37

DIRECT OBSERVATION OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIMES AND CRIMINALS 44

THE RELATIVE SERIOUSNESS OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 47

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 57

CHAPTER THREE Explanations of Occupational Criminality 61

EXPLANATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CRIMINAL LAW 64

EXPLANATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF CRIMINAL INDIVIDUALS 70

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 90

CHAPTER-FOUR Organizational Occupational Crime 93

CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME 94

CR1MINOGENIC ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES 97

THE PREVALENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME 102

ORGANIZATIONAL CRIMES AGAINST CONSUMERS 111

ORGANIZATIONAL CRIMES AGAINST WORKERS 129

ORGANIZATIONAL CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT 135

ORGANIZATIONAL BRIBEGIVING 138

A CASE STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL WRONGDOING: THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER 143

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 145

CHAPTER FIVE State Authority Occupational Crime 149

GENOCIDE AND TORTURE 153

POLICE BRUTALITY 158

CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 161

THEFT 163

POLITICAL BRIBETAKING 165

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 176

CHAPTER SIX Professional Occupational Crime 179

MEDICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONS 181

THE LEGAL PROFESSION 196

THE CONFLICT BETWEEN PROFIT AND PROFESSION 199

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 200

CHAPTER SEVEN Individual Occupational Crime 203

EMPLOYEE THEFT 203

CONSUMER FRAUD 209

INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX EVASION 217

SECURITIES CRIME 221

SOME INDIVIDUAL OCCUPATIONAL CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 224

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 226

CHAPTER EIGHT Sanctioning, Social Control, and Occupational Crime 229

MORAL EDUCATION AND NORMATIVE VALIDATION 230

DETERRENCE 232

INCAPACITATION THROUGH OCCUPATIONAL DISQUALIFICATION 245

REHABILITATION 251

INCREASING ENFORCEMENT AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL CRIME 253

A CONCLUDING NOTE 256

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 257

References 259

Index 285

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