ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONSPDF电子书下载

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1 THE ECONOMIC-LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE ROLE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS： AN INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 A View of Human Society 1

1.2 A Grand Hypothesis 5

1.3 Founding Fathers and Jurisprudential Traditions 9

1.4 Property Rights 13

1.5 Various Types of Property Rights 15

1.6 Contracts and Rights of Transfer 21

1.7 A Survey of the Book 23

1.8 Some Methodological Points 29

PART Ⅰ FOUNDATION STONES 33

2 POLITICALLY-BASED VERSUS JUDGE-MADE LAW 35

2.1 Statutory Law and Case Law 35

2.2 The Relations between Statutory Law and Case Law 37

2.3 The Domains of Judge-Made Law and Politically- Based Law 41

3 EFFICIENCY 47

3.1 The Meaning of Efficiency 47

3.2 Wealth， Risk and Utility 50

3.3 A Classification of Acts and Decisions According to Their Effects on Wealth 55

4 TWO BASIC PROPOSITIONS 61

4.1 The Proposition on the Contents of the Law 61

4.2 The Proposition on the Constitution 66

5 TWO MAJOR THEOREMS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 The Reciprocity Theorem 72

5.3 The Coase Theorem 75

PART Ⅱ SOCIETY’S MACHINERY 83

6 COORDINATION AND CONSTITUTIONS 85

6.1 The Problems of Part Two 85

6.2 The Invisible Hand 88

6.3 The Idea of a Social Contract 92

6.4 The Emergence of Constitutional Structures and Other Social Institutions 95

7 MARKETS AND FIRMS 105

7.1 A Brief Survey and Costs of Organizing Interaction 105

7.2 Markets versus Firms 108

7.3 More on Markets， More on Costs 110

7.4 An Alternative Layout 114

7.5 Firms 117

7.6 Complications Concerning Costs， and a Conclusion 122

7.7 A Note on Information Economics 124

7.8 An Observation on Objects of Contracts 130

8 POLITICAL PROCESSES 133

8.1 Legal Sanctions Only： An Interlude 133

8.2 Political Processes： Some Basic Aspects 134

8.3 Buchanan and Tullock’s Analysis 136

8.4 Results of Simple Majority Voting 140

8.5 Broadening the Perspective 144

PART Ⅲ PROPERTY， BREACH OF CONTRACT， TORT， CRIME 149

9 FORMALIZED PROPERTY RIGHTS 151

9.1 The Legal Toolbox 151

9.2 Formalized Property Rights — Basic Aspects 154

9.3 Formalized Rights to Land in a Historical Perspective 160

9.4 Detachment of Particular Rights to Land 165

9.5 Formalized Property Rights to Other Components of the Physical Environment 170

9.6 Intellectual Property Rights： Patents 175

9.7 Copyrights， and Further Intellectual Property Rights 179

9.8 A Brief Summing-Up 183

10 INJUNCTIONS 185

10.1 Injunctions in Principle 185

10.2 Injunctions in Practice 187

11 DAMAGES OR PUNISHMENT？ 191

11.1 Introduction 191

11.2 Property Rules and Liability Rules 192

11.3 More on Property and Liability Rules 194

11.4 The Calabresi-Melamed Proposition 196

11.5 Examples 200

11.6 Do Actual Rules Accord with the Calabresi- Melamed Proposition？ 204

11.7 How is the Victim Involved？ 208

11.8 Compulsory Acquisitions 210

11.9 Regulatory Takings 213

12 NEGLIGENCE： THE SIMPLEST CASE 217

12.1 When Is Harm Done a Violation of Property Rights？ 217

12.2 Care-Dependent versus Strict Liability 218

12.3 Negligence in the Simplest Two-Person Case 221

12.4 Implications for Incentives and Behavior 224

12.5 Hand’s Rule Illustrated 229

12.6 More than One Victim 232

12.7 Negligence with a Variable Level of Care 233

13 JOINT RESPONSIBILITY 237

13.1 Introduction 237

13.2 Responsibility of Victims 239

13.3 Joint Responsibility on the Acting Side 244

13.4 The Contingency of Property Rights under Negligence 245

14 INTENT， STRICT LIABILITY， INSURANCE 247

14.1 Intent 247

14.2 Strict Liability 252

14.3 The Choice between Negligence and Strict Liability 254

14.4 The Role of Insurance 256

14.5 Concluding Remarks 259

15 THE STRINGENCY OF SANCTIONS 261

15.1 Generally on the Size of Damages 261

15.2 Pure Economic Losses 265

15.3 More on Regulatory Takings 268

15.4 Punishment 269

16 THE BEHAVIOR OF DISPUTANT PARTIES AND COURTS 275

16.1 Introduction 275

16.2 Litigation versus Settlement 276

16.3 The Behavior of Courts 282

PART Ⅳ CONTRACTS， COMPANIES， REGULATION 289

17 CONTRACTS： PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 291

17.1 Introduction 291

17.2 When Is There a Contract？ 294

17.3 Contracts Made Less Incomplete by General Clauses 299

17.4 Contracts Made Less Incomplete by Non-Binding Statutory Rules 304

17.5 Breaches of Contract and Case Law 305

18 THE CONTRACTUAL AND LEGAL STRUCTURE OF FIRMS 313

18.1 Introduction 313

18.2 Legal Identity 314

18.3 The Role of Investors 318

18.4 Limited Liability and Priority Orderings of Claims 321

18.5 Basic Properties of Corporations 323

18.6 The Efficiency of Shareholding 329

18.7 Mandatory Legal Rules： Basic Function and on Bankruptcy 332

18.8 Legal Arrangements for Mitigating Agency Problems in Corporations 336

19 LIMITS OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 341

19.1 Introduction 341

19.2 A Survey of Restrictions on Rights of Transfer 344

19.3 Some Notes on the Regulation Literature 349

19.4 Restrictions on Employment Contracts 352

19.5 Rules on Safety and “Fitness for Use” of Products 358

19.6 Price Control 360

19.7 Taxation 362

19.8 Legal Restrictions on Money and Payments 364

19.9 Restrictions on Rights of Transfer in the Setting of the Constitution 367

PART Ⅴ EPILOGUE 369

20 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL COMMENTS 371

APPENDIX： A NOTE ON EXTERNALITY 379

REFERENCES 389

DEX 411

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