TJE COMFLICT OF LAWS IVPDF电子书下载

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PART ELEVEN. PROPERTY 1

CHAPTER 54. TANGIBLE PROPERTY 3

Ⅰ. Real Rights 3

1. Concept of Proprietary Rights 3

2. Objects of Real Rights 5

Ⅱ. The Statutist Doctrine 7

1. Lex Situs 7

2. Movables Follow the Person 8

(a) Theoretical basis 8

(b) Scope of the rule 9

(c) Exceptional function of the rule 13

(d) Obsolete remainders 14

3. Characterization of Movables and Immovables 15

(a) The traditional characterization 15

(b) The common-law rule 18

(c) The lex fori theory 26

Ⅲ. Lex Rei Sitae 30

1. The Rule 30

2. Property and Contract 34

Transfer of title 34

Transfer of movables 34

Lease of land 36

Conditional sales 39

Co-ownership 39

3. Right of Stoppage in Transitu 40

CHAPTER 55.SCOPE OF Lex Situs 43

Ⅰ. Creation of Real Rights by Transaction 43

1. Capacity to Dispose and Acquire 43

2. Form 46

(a) Exclusive lex situs 46

(b) The French-influenced group 47

(c) Irrespective of the contrast 48

3. Structure of the Right 49

4. Place 50

Foreign judgments 50

Ⅱ. Special Applications of Lex Situs 51

1. Remedies 51

2. Documents of Title 55

3. Easements 58

4. Encumbrances 60

(a) In general 60

(b) In particular 61

(c) Satisfaction 63

(d) Liens 64

5. Limitation of Actions 66

Ⅲ. Intangibles 66

Aggregates 69

CHAPTER 56. REMOVAL OF CHATTELS 70

Ⅰ. Principles 70

1. Successfully Completed Acts 70

Defenses 73

2. Defective Acts 75

3. Events in the Second Territory 76

4. Incomplete Legal Situations 78

Ⅱ. Local Public Policy 81

1. New York 81

2. France 83

Ⅲ. Security Interests 84

1. Normal Principles 86

2. Public Policy 88

3. Recording 89

4. Removal Without the Creditor's Consent 92

5. The Concept of the First Situs 94

American Legislation 95

Ⅳ. Adverse Possession 97

CHAPTER 57. AMBULATORY CHATTELS 100

Ⅰ. Goods in Transit 100

Ⅱ. Rights in Ships in General 102

1. Present Theories 102

River Boats 105

2. Situations 106

(a) The ship is in home waters 106

(b) The ship is on the high seas 106

Voluntary alienations 106

(c) The ship is in foreign waters 108

Involuntary assignments 108

Voluntary alienation 108

Voluntary securities 110

Other events 112

Conclusion 112

Ⅲ. Maritime Liens (Privileges by Law) 113

Anglo-American admiralty law 113

The Continental laws 114

1. Recognition of Foreign-Created Liens 115

(a) Repair and supply 115

(b) Wages of master and crew 117

(c) Injury 118

(d) Carrier's default 118

2. Priority 119

Ⅳ. Rights in Aircraft 122

1. Municipal Laws 122

Effect of Recording 123

2. Conflicts Rules 125

PART TWELVE.BILLS AND NOTES 127

CHAPTER 58.PRINCIPLES 129

Ⅰ. Sources 129

1. The Written Laws 130

(a) Communities 130

(b) Isolated laws 131

(c) Scope 132

2. Main Differences of Internal Law 132

3. Special and General Law 133

Terminology 134

Ⅱ. The Role of Theory 135

1. Municipal Theories 135

2. The Cambial Contracts 137

3. Influence of Underlying Relationships 139

4. Scope of the Cambial Rights 142

Cover 144

Enforcement Privileges 146

Ⅲ. Private Autonomy 147

Ⅳ. The Bill and the Accessory Obligations 149

1. Principles 149

(a) The principle of the basic bill 149

(b) The principle of independence 150

2. Difficulties 151

Examples of settled solutions 152

CHAPTER 59. FORMAL REQUIREMENTS 154

Ⅰ. Form and Substance 154

1. Essential Requirements 154

2. Narrow Enactments 155

Concept of Form 156

3. Scope of Form 157

Ⅱ. Locus Regit Actum 158

1. Imperative Function 158

2. Where is the act done? 159

(a) The Common-Law Doctrine 159

(b) The Civil-Law Doctrine 162

Locus verus or locus scriptus? 162

Delivery in municipal civil law 164

Rationale 165

3. Conclusions 166

Interpersonal law 168

Ⅲ. Exceptions to the Principle 169

1. British Law 169

2. Geneva Rules 169

(a) Article 3, paragraph 2 169

(b) Article 3, paragraph 3 170

CHAPTER 60. VALIDITY IN GENERAL 173

Ⅰ. Intrinsic Requirements 173

1. Capacity 173

Corporations 175

Exceptions 175

Conclusion 176

2. Consent 177

3. Consideration 177

4. Other Incidents 178

Ⅱ. Acceptance 179

Ⅲ. Special Contracts 180

1. Accommodation Paper 180

2. Aval 181

3. Acceptance for Honor 182

CHAPTER 61. CIRCULATION 183

Ⅰ. The Chain of Holders 183

1. The Effect of Possession:"legitimation" 183

2. Translative Function of Indorsement 184

3. The Doubtful Scope of the Principle of Independence 186

Ⅱ. Which Law of Indorsement Prevails in Determining the Rights of Holders? 187

1. Defenses of Warrantor 188

2. Spurious Signatures 190

Liability of Agent 195

Ⅲ. "Lex Loci Contractus" of the Single Obligation or Law of the Original Contract? 196

1. Negotiability 196

(a) In English and Continental Laws 196

(b) United States 198

(c) Conclusion 199

2. Indorsement After Maturity 199

Ⅳ. Single Law of Indorsement or Law of the Place of Payment? 200

1. Amount of Damages in Recourse 200

2. Defenses of Acceptor or Maker 201

CHAPTER 62. PAYMENT AND RECOURSE 202

Ⅰ. Payment 202

1. The Applicable Law 202

Place of payment named ("domiciled draft") 203

Absence of place of payment 203

2. The Scope of the Law of Payment 204

(a) Modalities of payment 204

(b) Time of maturity 204

(c) Part payment 205

(d) Amortization 205

(e) Excuses and discharge 205

3. Enlargements of Scope 206

Ⅱ. The Steps to Preserve Recourse 207

1. Survey of Theories 207

(a) Controversy 207

(b) Statutes 208

2. Necessity of Preserving Steps 209

3. Form and Time 212

(a) Form 212

What is "form?" 213

"Sufficiency of notice" 214

Renvoi 214

(b) Time 214

Reasonable time 215

4. Exemptions from the Duties 217

(a) Personal defenses 218

(b) Incidents of payment 219

(c) Estoppel 220

Ⅲ. Time for Suing 221

1. Suing for Recourse 221

2. Suing for Payment 223

CHAPTER 63. CHECKS 224

Ⅰ. The Special Law on Checks 224

Differentiation 224

United States 226

Function 227

Conflicts 227

Ⅱ. Creation 229

1. Form 229

2. Capacity of Drawer 229

3. Capacity of Drawee 230

Ⅲ. Cover and Stop Payment 232

1. Cover 232

2. Stop Payment 233

3. Restriction to Specific Holders 235

4. Time for Action 236

CHAPTER 64. CONCLUSIONS TO PART TWELVE 238

PART THIRTEEN. INHERITANCE 243

CHAPTER 65. PRESENT CONFLICTS RULES 245

Ⅰ. Terminology and Sources 245

1. Terminology 245

2. Sources 246

Treaties 247

Ⅱ. Survey of the Conflicts Systems 251

A. Plurality of Successions 251

1. Immovables under lex situs 251

(a) Movables under lex domicilii 251

(b) Movables under lex patriae 252

2. Other Functions of Lex Situs 253

(a) As principle for all assets 253

(b) As exception for all domestic assets 254

(c) As exception for certain movables 254

(d) For domestic immovables only 255

(e) Otherwise on the ground of public policy 255

(f) On the ground of comity 256

B. Unity of Succession 257

1. All assets subject to the law of the last domicil 257

2. All assets subject to the national law of the deceased at the time of his death 258

3. Mixed systems 260

C. Lex Fori 261

1. As principle 261

2. In Favor of Domestic Beneficiaries 261

(a) Reciprocity 262

(b) Prelevement 262

Contractual disposal 266

CHAPTER 66. PRINCIPLES 268

Ⅰ. Unity and Plurality of Succession 268

1. Historical Notes 268

2. Rationale 270

Ⅱ. Problems Concerning the Connecting Factors 273

1. Party Autonomy 273

2. Concept of Immovables 276

3. Renvoi 277

The Personal Law 279

Reference to Lex Situs 282

CHAPTER 67. THE FORM OF WILLS 287

Ⅰ. The Conflicts System 287

1. Basic Tests 289

2. Enlargements 291

(a) English legislation 291

(b) Typical civil law 292

(c) Interstate and international unification 295

Canadian Uniform Law 297

Hague Conferences 297

Scandinavian Convention 297

(d) Various rules 298

3. The Most Developed Reference Lists 299

(a) Texts 299

(b) Comparison:time of validity 301

Law of Place of Execution 302

Law Governing Succession 302

Law of the Enacting State 302

Domestic Wills 303

The Personal Law of Other States 303

Change of Personal Law 304

Proposal 305

Ⅱ. Restrictions 305

1. In Favor of Lex Causae 305

(a) French Code Civil, Article 999 306

(b) Netherlands Code, Article 992 307

(c) The Dutch Provision 309

Wills of Minors 310

2. In Favor of Lex Situs 311

Ⅲ. Operation of the Rules 311

1. The Concept of Form 311

2. Renvoi 312

3. Defective Formality 313

Ⅳ. Joint Wills 315

CHAPTER 68. SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS OF WILLS 319

Ⅰ. Testamentary Capacity 319

1. Law of Succession 319

2. Personal Law 321

3. Variety of Solutions 322

4. Vel instead of Et 322

Ⅱ. Other Substantive Requirements 322

Ⅲ. Restraint on Power of Disposal 324

1. Law of Succession Governs 324

2. Family Provision Acts 327

3. Restraint on Liberalities to Certain Persons 328

4. Gifts Impairing Legitimate Shares 330

5. Future Interests 331

CHAPTER 69. EFFECT OF WILLS 334

Ⅰ. Construction 334

1. Concept of Construction 334

2. Universal Principle 337

3. Conflict of Rules 340

4. Transposition 343

Ⅱ. Revocation 344

Formal Validity 345

(a) Law of Succession 346

(b) Effect Inter Vivos 346

Ⅲ. Election 349

Ⅳ. Powers of Appointment 351

CHAPTER 70. SCOPE OF THE LAW OF SUCCESSION 354

Ⅰ. In General 354

Ⅱ. Delimitation of the Scope 355

1. Status of Beneficiaries 355

(a) The incidental question 355

(b) Capacity of beneficiaries 358

(c) Rationale 360

(d) Public policy 364

(e) Unworthiness 365

(f) Corporations 365

2. Marital Property 365

3. Donatio mortis causa 366

(a) Act inter vivos 366

(b) Act affecting succession 369

4. Life Insurance 370

Ⅲ. The Right of the State to Take Estates 371

CHAPTER 71. ACQUISITION OF INHERITANCE RIGHTS 375

Ⅰ. Devolution 375

1. Principle 375

Conflicts rule 376

2. Transmission 378

(a) Title 378

(b) Possession (seisin) 379

(c) Specific legacy 382

3. Acceptance and Repudiation 382

Ⅱ. Agreements on Inheritance Rights 385

1. Release to Ancestor 385

2. Release of Expectancy in General 386

3. Promise of Testamentary Disposal 387

Ⅲ. Advancements (collatio bonorum) 389

Ⅳ. Partition 391

1. Coheirship 391

2. Partition 393

(a) Voluntary partition 393

Private partition; Waiver of partition 394

(b) Effect 395

CHAPTER 72. PLURALITY OF SUCCESSION 397

Ⅰ. The Problem 397

(a) Occurrence 397

(b) Scope 398

Ⅱ. Distribution 399

1. Intestate Rules 399

2. Requirements of Wills 400

Forced shares 400

Ⅲ. Acquisition 401

1. Option 401

2. Advancement 402

3. Prerogatives of Domestic Beneficiaries 403

4. Partition 404

Ⅳ. Administration 405

CHAPTER 73. ADMINISTRATORS AND COURTS 406

Ⅰ. Municipal Organization of Decedent's Estate 406

1. Common Law 406

(a) Jurisdiction 407

(b) Effect of probate within the forum 409

2. Civil Law 410

3. Situs 412

4. Law Governing Administration 414

Ⅱ. Extraterritorial Effect of Probate 416

1. Common Law Countries 416

(a) Assets in the forum 416

(b) Assets in other jurisdictions 417

England 417

United States 417

(c) Effect of ancillary probate 419

2. Recognition in Civil Law Countries 421

3. The German Certificate of Heirship 422

Ⅲ. Extraterritorial Powers of Fiduciaries 422

1. Extraterritorial Scope of Appointment 422

(a) Common law countries 422

(b) Civil law countries 424

2. Recognition of Foreign Fiduciaries 424

(a) Common law countries 424

(b) Civil law countries 426

CHAPTER 74. CLAIMS 429

Ⅰ. Single Law of Succession 429

1. The Question of Liability 429

2. Civil Law 431

Law of the debt 432

Enforcement 433

Lex situs 433

3. Common Law 434

Ⅱ. Several Laws of Succession 440

1. Lack of Privity 440

2. Equalization 441

PART FOURTEEN. TRUSTS 443

CHAPTER 75. TRUSTS 445

Ⅰ. Trusts in General 445

1. Municipal Systems 446

2. Categories in Conflicts Law 449

(a) Testamentary and inter vivos trusts 449

(b) Trusts of land and trusts of movables 450

(c) Creation and administration 450

(d) Voluntary and legally-implied trusts 451

3. Judicial Favor 452

4. Changes of Contact 453

Ⅱ. Testamentary Trusts 454

Rationale 456

Validity and administration 456

What rule? 458

Ⅲ. Trusts Inter Vivos 458

1. England 458

2. United States 459

Ⅳ. Conclusions 460

Ⅴ. Recognition of Foreign Trusts 464

1. Common Law Countries 464

English courts 464

American courts 464

2. Civil Law Countries 465

(a) In general 465

(b) Powers of trustee 466

(c) Inalienability of the fund 468

PART FIFTEEN. APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW 471

CHAPTER 76. ASCERTAINMENT OF FOREIGN LAW 473

Ⅰ. Judicial Notice of Foreign Law 473

1. Mere Party Evidence 473

(a) Foreign Law is a fact 473

(b) Like a fact 476

2. Discretionary Right of the Court to Investigate 478

3. Duty to Take Judicial Notice 480

4. Sources of Foreign Law 484

Ⅱ. Review on Appeal 485

1. Review of Conflicts Law 485

(a) No review 485

(b) Review of written conflicts law 486

(c) Violation of conflicts law 486

(d) Indirect review of foreign law 488

2. Review of Foreign Law 489

Ⅲ. Methods of Proof 490

Ⅳ. Absence of Proof 492

1. Rejection of the Claim 492

2. Presumptions of Similarity 493

3. Subsidiary Law 495

4. Distinction of Situations 497

(a) Acquiescence in the law of the forum 497

(b) Dismissal 498

(c) "Civilized Laws" 498

(d) Lex fori 499

PART SIXTEEN. INTERTEMPORAL RELATIONS 501

CHAPTER 77. TRANSITORY RELATIONS OF CONFLICTS LAW 503

Ⅰ. Change of Foreign Law 503

Change of the applicable substantive law 503

Change of foreign conflicts rules 504

Ⅱ. Change of the Conflicts Rule of the Forum 505

Occurrence 505

1. Court Decisions 506

2. Theories 509

(a) Applying the substantive intertemporal rules of the forum 509

(b) Distinguishing foreign cases 510

(c) Establishing general transitory rules 511

(d) Applying the new conflicts rules 511

Ⅲ. Rationale 513

TABLES 521

BIBLIOGRAPHY 523

TABLE OF STATUTES AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 551

TABLE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CASES 589

INDEX 611

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