量子力学基础PDF电子书下载

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1 Photons 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 2

1.3 Photoelectric Effect： Einstein’s Quanta 10

1.4 Experiment of Aspect and Collaborators 13

1.5 Properties of the Photon 18

1.6 Summary 22

Chapter Review Exercises 22

2 Wave-Particle Duality 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 A Diffraction Experiment with Photons 26

2.3 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment Revisited 29

2.4 Three Rules of Quantum Mechanics 34

2.5 Two-Slit Which-Way Experiment 37

2.6 Summary 40

Chapter Review Exercises 42

3 The Machinery of Quantum Mechanics 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Schrodinger’s Equation 44

3.3 Observables 49

3.4 Spectral Theory 62

3.5 Dirac Notation 90

3.6 Heisenberg Picture 101

3.7 Two-Level Systems 105

3.8 Summary 120

Chapter Review Exercises 121

4 Measurement 125

4.1 Introduction 125

4.2 von Neumann Measurement 128

4.3 Uncertainty Principle 135

4.4 No-Cloning Theorem 138

4.5 Quantum Zeno Effect 141

4.6 Summary 145

Chapter Review Exercises 146

5 Interaction-Free Measurements 149

5.1 Introduction 149

5.2 Seeing in the Dark： Conceptual Scheme 151

5.3 Elitzur-Vaidman Scheme 154

5.4 Optimal Interaction-Free Measurements 159

5.5 Summary 165

Chapter Review Exercises 166

6 EPR Paradox 169

6.1 Introduction 169

6.2 Hallmarks of Physical Theories 170

6.3 EPR and Reality 174

6.4 Bell’s Theorem 182

6.5 Mermin’s Reality Machine 191

6.6 Summary 194

Chapter Review Exercises 196

7 Classical and Quantum Information 197

7.1 Introduction 197

7.2 Bits and Qubits 199

7.3 Classical Gates 202

7.4 Quantum Gates 205

7.5 Classical and Quantum Circuits 209

7.6 Teleportation 213

7.7 Summary 220

Chapter Review Exercises 221

8 Quantum Computing 223

8.1 Introduction 223

8.2 Our First Quantum Computer 224

8.3 Deutsch’s Algorithm 227

8.4 Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm 232

8.5 Grover’s Search Algorithm 238

8.6 Summary 246

Chapter Review Exercises 247

9 Classical Cryptology 251

9.1 Introduction 251

9.2 Private-Key Cryptosystems 252

9.3 RSA Public-Key Cryptosystem 254

9.4 How Does RSA Work？ 260

9.5 Why Is Integer Factorization So Difficult？ 262

9.6 Summary 265

Chapter Review Exercises 266

10 Quantum Factoring 267

10.1 Introduction 267

10.2 Miller’s Algorithm 268

10.3 Quantum Fourier Transform 270

10.4 Shor’s Algorithm 274

10.5 Summary 280

Chapter Review Exercises 280

11 Ion-Trap Quantum Computers 281

11.1 Introduction 281

11.2 Linear Radio-Frequency Ion Trap 282

11.3 Laser Cooling 287

11.4 Cirac-Zoller Scheme 293

11.5 Ca＋Quantum Computer 297

11.6 Summary 300

Chapter Review Exercises 301

12 Outlook 303

12.1 Introduction 303

12.2 Quantum Internet 304

12.3 Quantum Cryptography 306

12.4 Quantum Computing 307

12.5 Summary 309

Appendix 311

Index 313

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