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Chapter 1 Organizational Behavior 1

1．1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORGANIZATIONS AS SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 2

1．2 THE LITERATURE OF ORGANIZATION THEORY 4

1．3 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 6

1．4 SOME TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS 7

1．5 SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL POSTULATES 9

Chapter 2 ＂Classical＂Organization Theory 12

2．1 TAYLOR＇S SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT 12

2．2 THEORIES OF DEPARTMENTALIZATION 22

2．3 OPERATIONAL AND EMPIRICAL PROBLEMS OF CLASSICAL ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE 30

2．4 CONCLUSION 32

Chapter 3 Motivational Constraints:Intraorganizational Decisions 34

3．1 INFLUENCE PROCESSES 35

3．2 THEORIES OF BUREAUCRACY 36

3．3 SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY 47

3．4 MOTIVATION TO PRODUCE 52

3．4．1 THE EVOKED SET OF ALTERNATIVES 53

3．4．2 THE PERCEIVED CONSEQUENCES OF EVOKED ALTERNATIVES 58

3．4．3 INDIVIDUAL GOALS 65

3．5 CONCLUSION 81

Chapter 4 Motivational Constraints:The Decision to Participate 83

4．1 THE THEORY OF ORGANIZATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 84

4．2 THE PARTICIPANTS 89

4．3 EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION:THE PARTICIPATION CRITERION 90

4．4 EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION:THE GENERAL MODEL 93

4．5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERCEIVED DESIRABILITY OF MOVEMENT FROM THE ORGANIZATION 93

4．6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERCEIVED EASE OF MOVEMENT FROM THE ORGANIZATION 100

4．7 EXTENSION TO OTHER PARTICIPANTS 106

4．8 OPPORTUNISM AND ORGANIZATIONAL SURVIVAL 109

4．9 CONCLUSION 110

Chapter 5 Conflict in Organizations 112

5．1 INDIVIDUAL CONFLICT 113

5．2 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT:INDIVIDUAL CONFLICT WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION 117

5．3 ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT:INTERGROUP CONFLICT WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION 121

5．4 ORGANIZATIONAL REACTION TO CONFLICT 129

5．5 INTERORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT 131

5．6 CONCLUSION 135

Chapter 6 Cognitive Limits on Rationality 136

6．1 THE CONCEPT OF RATIONALITY 137

6．2 PERFORMANCE PROGRAMS IN ORGANIZATIONS 142

6．3 PERCEPTION AND IDENTIFICATIONS 150

6．4 THE DIVISION OF WORK 158

6．5 COMMUNICATION 161

6．6 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND THE BOUNDARIES OF RATIONALITY 169

Chapter 7 Planning and Innovation in Organizations 172

7．1 THE CONCEPT OF INITIATION 173

7．2 THE PROCESS OF INNOVATION 177

7．3 THE OCCASIONS OF INNOVATION 182

7．4 THE ELABORATION OF PROGRAMS 186

7．5 ORGANIZATION LEVEL AND INNOVATION 194

7．6 THE PLANNING PROCESS 199

7．7 CONCLUSION 210

Postscript 211

Bibliography 213

Numerical Index to Variables 249

General Index 254

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